Trial reportBMC pediatrics2007
A randomized controlled trial of sucrose and/or pacifier as analgesia for infants receiving venipuncture in a pediatric emergency department.
Trial report in BMC pediatrics, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sucrose analgesia for venepuncture in neonates.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Sucrose analgesia for heel-lance procedures in neonates.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Sweet tasting solutions for reduction of needle-related procedural pain in children aged one to 16 years.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Interventions for the cessation of non-nutritive sucking habits in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Sweet-tasting solutions for needle-related procedural pain in infants one month to one year of age.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2012Pooled it
- Pacifier Use and Early Life Weight Outcomes in the Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories Study.Childhood obesity (Print) · 2018Trial
- Oral sucrose and a pacifier for pain relief during simple procedures in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial.Annals of Saudi medicineTrial
- Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of humanoid robot-based distraction for venipuncture pain in children.BMJ open · 2018Article
- Reasons for Pacifier Use and Non-Use in African-Americans: Does Knowledge of Reduced SIDS Risk Change Parents' Minds?Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2016Article
- Breastfeeding and pain relief in full-term neonates during immunization injections: a clinical randomized trial.BMC anesthesiology · 2013Article
- The challenges of neonatal magnetic resonance imaging.Pediatric radiology · 2012Review
- The effect of using musical mobiles on reducing pain in infants during vaccination.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2012Article
- Article
- Paediatric MRI under sedation: is it necessary? What is the evidence for the alternatives?Pediatric radiology · 2011Review
- Optimizing hand-held spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging for neonates, infants, and children.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2010Article
- Heel lance in newborn during breastfeeding: an evaluation of analgesic effect of this procedure.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2008Article
- Nonpharmacological management of procedural pain in infants and young children: an abridged Cochrane review.Pain research & managementReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough sucrose has been accepted as an effective analgesic agent for procedural pain in neonates, previous studies are largely in the NICU population using the procedure of heel lance. This is the first report of the effect of sucrose, pacifier or the combination thereof for the procedural pain of venipuncture in infants in the pediatric emergency department population.
methodsThe study design was a double (sucrose) and single blind (pacifier), placebo-controlled randomized trial--factorial design carried out in a pediatric emergency department. The study population was infants, aged 0-6 months. Eighty-four patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups: a) sucrose b) sucrose & pacifier c) control d) control & pacifier. Each child received 2 ml of either 44% sucrose or sterile water, by mouth. The primary outcome measure: FLACC pain scale score change from baseline. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: crying time and heart rate change from baseline.
resultsSucrose did not significantly reduce the FLACC score, crying time or heart rate. However sub-group analysis revealed that sucrose had a much greater effect in the younger groups. Pacifier use reduced FLACC score (not statistically significant), crying times (statistically significant) but not heart rate. Subgroup analysis revealed a mean crying time difference of 76.52 seconds (p < 0.0171) (0-1 month) and 123.9 seconds (p < 0.0029) (1-3 month). For subgroup age > 3 months pacifier did not have any significant effect on crying time. Age adjusted regression analysis revealed that both sucrose and pacifier had significant effects on crying time. Crying time increased with both increasing age and increasing gestational age.
conclusionPacifiers are inexpensive, effective analgesics and are easy to use in the PED for venipuncture in infants aged 0-3 months. The benefits of sucrose alone as an analgesic require further investigation in the older infant, but sucrose does appear to provide additional benefit when used with a pacifier in this age group.
trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN15819627.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.