ArticleImmunology2007
Interleukin-21 differentially affects human natural killer cell subsets.
Article in Immunology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
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- A new era in CAR-NK cell therapy: from technological innovations to clinical applications.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Review
- Interleukin-21 engineering enhances NK cell activity against glioblastoma via CEBPD.Cancer cell · 2024Article
- From bench to bedside: the past, present and future of IL-21 immunotherapy.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- Outlining the skin-homing and circulating CLAScientific reports · 2024Article
- Therapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Interleukin signaling in the regulation of natural killer cells biology in breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Role of Interleukin(IL)-6 in NK Activity to Hypoxic-Induced Highly Invasive Hepatocellular Carcinoma(HCC) Cells.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- The application of autologous cancer immunotherapies in the age of memory-NK cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Suppression of NK Cell Activation by JAK3 Inhibition: Implication in the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases.Journal of immunology research · 2023Article
- Murine models to study human NK cells in human solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The Multifaceted Role of STAT3 in NK-Cell Tumor Surveillance.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Kinetics of the Cellular and Transcriptomic Response toFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Current Perspectives on "Off-The-Shelf" Allogeneic NK and CAR-NK Cell Therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Role of GATA2 in Human NK Cell Development.Critical reviews in immunology · 2021Review
- Natural killer cells: of-the-shelf cytotherapy for cancer immunosurveillance.American journal of cancer research · 2021Review
- Review
- Article
- Development of Automated Separation, Expansion, and Quality Control Protocols for Clinical-Scale Manufacturing of Primary Human NK Cells and Alpharetroviral Chimeric Antigen Receptor Engineering.Human gene therapy methods · 2019Article
- Recurrent Stimulation of Natural Killer Cell Clones with K562 Expressing Membrane-Bound Interleukin-21 Affects Their Phenotype, Interferon-γ Production, and Lifespan.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine with pleiotropic effects on various cell types including dendritic cells, B cells, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. To evaluate if IL-21 affects human NK cell subpopulations in a similar fashion, functional studies were performed on CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) NK cells, both bearing IL-21 receptors at identical densities. Stimulation with IL-21 strongly induced proliferation of CD56(bright) NK cells and cytotoxicity against K562 target cells was preferentially augmented in CD56(dim) NK cells. In contrast, stimulation with IL-2 and IL-21 alone or in combination failed to induce interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha production in the two NK cell subsets. Intracellular analysis of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins revealed that IL-21 by itself induces phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 in CD56(dim) NK cells, and to an even higher degree in CD56(bright) NK cells. In this CD56(bright) NK cell population alone, IL-2 weakly phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT3, which was further increased when cells were treated with the combination of both cytokines. In contrast, STAT5 was strongly phosphorylated only in CD56(bright) NK cells by low-dose IL-2, while IL-21 did not affect STAT5 at all. In summary, we present data indicating that the NK-cell-directed cytokines IL-2 and IL-21 not only affect functions in NK cell subpopulations differently but can also act additively.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.