ReviewInternational journal of antimicrobial agents2007
Recycling of chloroquine and its hydroxyl analogue to face bacterial, fungal and viral infections in the 21st century.
Review in International journal of antimicrobial agents, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 201 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized Trial of Efficacy and Safety of an Early OUTpatient Treatment of COVID-19 in Patients With Risk Factor for Poor Outcome: a Strategy to Prevent Hospitalization
Rapid Development and Implementation of a Remote ECG-monitored Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial During a Pandemic: Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis in COVID-19 Household Contacts
Who cites it
201 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 400 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for pulmonary complications in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis of infectious pneumonia and interstitial lung disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Hydroxychloroquine for treatment of non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of individual participant data of randomized trials.Clinical and translational science · 2023Pooled it
- The Oral Microbiome and Its Role in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review of Big Data Analysis.Frontiers in big data · 2022Pooled it
- Review of trials currently testing treatment and prevention of COVID-19.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Clinical evidence for repurposing chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as antiviral agents: a systematic review.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Revisiting hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for patients with chronic immunity-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2020Pooled it
- Assessment of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Safety Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Testing the feasibility of operationalizing a prospective, randomized trial with remote cardiac safety EKG monitoring during a pandemic.Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing · 2022Trial
- The future is now: our experience starting a remote clinical trial during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.Trials · 2021Trial
- Chloroquine use improves dengue-related symptoms.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2013Trial
- Risk factors for infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab: an observational study highlighting hydroxychloroquine use.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Observational
- Novel endogenous protein-based strategies to inhibit clinically relevant bacterial AB-type toxins including pertussis toxin.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- A High-Throughput Antiviral Assay Based on a Sindbis Virus-GFP for the Discovery of Inhibitors of Alphavirus Replication.Viruses · 2026Article
- cGAS-IFN-I responses by extracting nuclear DNA from dying cells via nucleocytosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The effect of Hippophae rhamnoides on Hydroxychloroquine-Induced stomatitis in rats.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- Multi-Component Synthesis of New Fluorinated-Pyrrolo[3,4-International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Pulmonary Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Potentially Overlooked Condition.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Hydroxychloroquine: A double‑edged sword (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Antibacterial activity and mechanism of naphthoquine phosphate against ceftazidime-resistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
141 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and its hydroxyl analogue hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are weak bases with a half-century long use as antimalarial agents. Apart from this antimalarial activity, CQ and HCQ have gained interest in the field of other infectious diseases. One of the most interesting mechanisms of action is that CQ leads to alkalinisation of acid vesicles that inhibit the growth of several intracellular bacteria and fungi. The proof of concept of this effect was first used to restore intracellular pH allowing antibiotic efficacy for Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever, and doxycycline plus HCQ is now the reference treatment for chronic Q fever. There is also strong evidence of a similar effect in vitro against Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple's disease, and a clinical trial is in progress. Other bacteria and fungi multiply in an acidic environment and encouraging in vitro data suggest that this concept may be generalised for all intracellular organisms that multiply in an acidic environment. For viruses, CQ led to inhibition of uncoating and/or alteration of post-translational modifications of newly synthesised proteins, especially inhibition of glycosylation. These effects have been well described in vitro for many viruses, with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) being the most studied. Preliminary in vivo clinical trials suggest that CQ alone or in combination with antiretroviral drugs might represent an interesting way to treat HIV infection. In conclusion, our review re-emphasises the paradigm that activities mediated by lysosomotropic agents may offer an interesting weapon to face present and future infectious diseases worldwide.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.