ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics1991
Interleukins. Clinical pharmacokinetics and practical implications.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 1991. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploratory Effects of a Novel Nutraceutical on Senescence-Related Protein Biomarkers in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Proteomics Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Trial
- hIL-7-hyFc, A Long-Acting IL-7, Increased Absolute Lymphocyte Count in Healthy Subjects.Clinical and translational science · 2020Trial
- Soluble TNF receptors are associated with infarct size and ventricular dysfunction in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.PloS one · 2013Trial
- Clinical, hematologic, and immunologic effects of interleukin-10 in humans.Journal of clinical immunology · 1996Trial
- Immunomodulatory effects of ultra-low-dose interleukin-2 in cancer patients: a phase-IB study.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 1993Trial
- Profiling of plasma exosome cytokines as biomarkers of severe dengue.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Unveiling cytokine charge disparity as a potential mechanism for immune regulation.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2024Review
- A common secretomic signature across epithelial cancers metastatic to the pleura supports IL-6 axis therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Acute phase reactions inThe journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Spatiotemporal-social association predicts immunological similarity in rewilded mice.Science advances · 2023Article
- IL-6 mediates the hepatic acute phase response after prerenal azotemia in a clinically defined murine model.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2023Article
- Ovulation Induced by Intrauterine Seminal Plasma Increases Total Protein, PGE2, IL-8, and IL-1β in Uterine Fluid of Llamas (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Clearance of inflammatory cytokines in patients with septic acute kidney injury during renal replacement therapy using the EMiC2 filter (Clic-AKI study).Critical care (London, England) · 2021Observational
- Review
- IL-31 induces antitumor immunity in breast carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2020Article
- Mathematical modeling of energy consumption in the acute inflammatory response.Journal of theoretical biology · 2019Article
- Modeling Immune Response toFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- Quantitative analysis of target coverage and germinal center response by a CXCL13 neutralizing antibody in a T-dependent mouse immunization model.Pharmaceutical research · 2014Article
- Protein engineering for cardiovascular therapeutics: untapped potential for cardiac repair.Circulation research · 2013Review
- Cytokine production increases and cytokine clearance decreases in mice with bilateral nephrectomy.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interleukins and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are a complex group of proteins and glycoproteins able to exert pleiotropic effects with respect to a number of different target cells. In physiological conditions, they are induced and released in basal amounts only in restricted microenvironments where they have paracrine activity. Any small amounts reaching the circulation do not disturb homoeostasis. During therapy, particularly when these cytokines are administered via conventional routes, it has become apparent that their presence in nonphysiological plasma concentrations and their unselective action cause toxic effects with small benefits. The pharmacokinetics of interleukins-1, -2, -3 and -6 and TNF have been evaluated, and their disappearance from plasma after intravenous administration is very rapid (i.e. the distribution half-life is measured in minutes; the elimination half-life is several hours). The efficiency of catabolic pathways such as renal filtration and/or liver uptake is interpreted as a salutary mechanism for extracting proteins that should not be in the circulation. However, because these cytokines are very potent immunomodulatory agents there is a need to improve their therapeutic index, and to this end a number of possible formulations and routes of administration are now available and may eventually be of practical use.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.