ArticleThe American journal of pathology2007
A protein toxin from the sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni targets the kidney and causes a severe renal injury with predominant glomerular endothelial damage.
Article in The American journal of pathology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cnidarian Venoms in the Omics Era: Toxin Discovery and Bioactive Potential.Marine drugs · 2026Review
- Anthozoan Chemical Defenses: Integrating Compounds, Enzymatic Activities, and Omics-Based Discoveries.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Ion channels and channelopathies in glomeruli.Physiological reviews · 2023Review
- Neurotoxins and pore forming toxins in sea anemones: Potential candidates for new drug development.Histology and histopathology · 2023Review
- Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogeny of the Sea AnemoneZoological studies · 2023Article
- Expression of a Crry/p65 is reduced in acute lung injury induced by extracellular histones.FEBS open bio · 2022Article
- Case report: Thrombotic microangiopathy concomitant with macrophage activation syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus refractory to conventional treatment successfully treated with eculizumab.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Making smart drugs smarter: The importance of linker chemistry in targeted drug delivery.Medicinal research reviews · 2020Review
- A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria.Marine drugs · 2020Review
- Complement System Inhibition Modulates the Pro-Inflammatory Effects of a Snake Venom Metalloproteinase.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Complement regulation and kidney diseases: recent knowledge of the double-edged roles of complement activation in nephrology.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2018Review
- Review
- Sea anemone (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) toxins: an overview.Marine drugs · 2012Review
- Exploiting the nephrotoxic effects of venom from the sea anemone, Phyllodiscus semoni, to create a hemolytic uremic syndrome model in the rat.Marine drugs · 2012Review
- Characterization of a novel proteinous toxin from sea anemone Actineria villosa.The protein journal · 2011Article
- Non-drug-induced nephrotoxicity.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2009Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Envenomation by the sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni causes fulminant dermatitis and, rarely, acute renal failure in humans. Here, we investigated whether the venom extracted from the nematocysts (PsTX-T) was nephrotoxic when administered intravenously in rats and whether PsTX-T induced activation of the complement system. Although small dose of PsTX-T induced acute tubular necrosis in rats resembling pathology seen in patients, kidneys displayed glomerular injury with glomerular endothelial damage, thrombus formation, mesangiolysis, and partial rupture of glomerular basement membrane, accompanied by severe tubular necrosis at 24 hours after administration of 0.03 mg of PsTX-T per animal, similar to the glomerular findings typical of severe hemolytic uremic syndrome. The early stage injury was accompanied by specific PsTX-T binding, massive complement C3b, and membrane attack complex deposition in glomeruli in the regions of injury and decreased glomerular expression of complement regulators. A pathogenic role for complement was confirmed by demonstrating that systemic complement inhibition reduced renal injury. The isolated nephrotoxic component, a 115-kd protein toxin (PsTX-115), was shown to cause identical renal pathology. The demonstration that PsTX-T and PsTX-115 were highly nephrotoxic acting via induction of complement activation suggests that inhibition of complement might be used to prevent acute renal damage following envenomation by P. semoni.
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