ArticleParasite immunology2007
Stage-specific immune responses in human Necator americanus infection.
Article in Parasite immunology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Species-specific treatment effects of helminth/HIV-1 co-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasitology · 2011Pooled it
- Characterization of T cell responses to co-administered hookworm vaccine candidates Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 in healthy adults in Gabon.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Trial
- Albendazole treatment of HIV-1 and helminth co-infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.AIDS (London, England) · 2008Trial
- Comparison Between Phenotypic Profile and Functional Aspects of IL-9-Producing Lymphocytes, Th17 and Tfh of Individuals From Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas for Hookworm Infection.Parasite immunology · 2026Article
- Larval Ascariasis Triggers Unresolved Anemia, Persistent Inflammation, and Chronic Pulmonary Disease after Single and Reinfection in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Mice.ACS infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Assessing the role of eosinophil-mediated immune response markers in detecting hookworm infection: A case-control study in Kintampo, Ghana.Health science reports · 2022Article
- Article
- Cytokine production in AncylostomaJournal of medicine and life · 2022Article
- Profiles of CD4Medical microbiology and immunology · 2022Article
- Hookworm infection associates with a vaginal Type 1/Type 2 immune signature and increased HPV load.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Concomitant experimental coinfection by Plasmodium berghei NK65-NY and Ascaris suum downregulates the Ascaris-specific immune response and potentiates Ascaris-associated lung pathology.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Hookworm treatment induces a decrease of suppressive regulatory T cell associated with a Th2 inflammatory response.PloS one · 2021Article
- Identification of High-Risk Pregnancies in a Remote Setting Using Ambulatory Blood Pressure: The MINDI Cohort.Frontiers in public health · 2020Article
- Analysis of the Trichuris suis excretory/secretory proteins as a function of life cycle stage and their immunomodulatory properties.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- The physicochemical fingerprint of Necator americanus.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Article
- C-reactive protein is differentially modulated by co-existing infections, vitamin deficiencies and maternal factors in pregnant and lactating indigenous Panamanian women.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2017Article
- Regulatory monocytes in helminth infections: insights from the modulation during human hookworm infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Multiple Exposures to Ascaris suum Induce Tissue Injury and Mixed Th2/Th17 Immune Response in Mice.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- Evidence of microbial translocation associated with perturbations in T cell and antigen-presenting cell homeostasis in hookworm infections.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2012Article
- A history of hookworm vaccine development.Human vaccines · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We describe how hookworms interact with their human hosts by comparing lymphocyte phenotyping, proliferative responses, and cytokine and chemokine secretion patterns in adults who are either mono-infected with Necator americanus or egg-negative controls resident in an area of high transmission in Brazil. Cellular immune responses against crude hookworm antigen extracts from different developmental stages were evaluated simultaneously. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the standardized immune responses. Random effects multivariate regression was then used to investigate whether principal components (PC) differ between the two groups once potential confounders and effect modifiers have been accounted for. Although hookworm patients had reduced percentages of T and B cells, they had higher levels of activated CD4(+) T and CD19(+) B cells. This state of 'immune activation' coincided with lower proliferative responses, especially to third-stage larval antigen. Cytokine levels in mono-infected adults were also lower and characterized by a mixed Th1/Th2-type profile. Excretory/secretory antigen from adult worms was a potent modulator of the immune response, resulting in diminished TNF-alpha and IL-10 secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from hookworm infected patients. We propose that the longevity of hookworms in their human hosts results from a stage-specific, down-modulation of the immune response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.