ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2007
Immediate-early and delayed primary response genes are distinct in function and genomic architecture.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 142 papers.
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Who cites it
142 citing papers in PubMed, 223 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Perturb-seq reveals TCF7 as a transcriptional link between MAPK- and Wnt-driven gene expression.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
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- Ole-4, a novel synthetic derivative of Oleuropein, enhances antitumor immunity and modulates kinase activity-dependent signaling.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Spatial and Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveal Keratinocytes as Key Players in Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Pathogenesis.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2026Article
- Acetate enhances long-term memory in female mice by sex-, context-, and brain region-specific epigenetic and transcriptional remodeling.Science signaling · 2026Article
- Sex-specific differences in mediobasal hypothalamus in response to nutritional states.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Histone variant H2BE controls activity-dependent gene expression and homeostatic scaling.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Application of the solvent effect on bioluminescent reporter bacteria as a real-time membrane toxicity assay.Access microbiology · 2026Article
- Trawling the depths of gene regulation: transcription-factor families orchestrating immunity in teleost fish.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- HOPX is required for the generation of umbilical cord blood-derived memory-like NK cells induced by three cytokines.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
82 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The transcriptional program induced by growth factor stimulation is classically described in two stages as follows: the rapid protein synthesis-independent induction of immediate-early genes, followed by the subsequent protein synthesis-dependent induction of secondary response genes. In this study, we obtained a comprehensive view of this transcriptional program. As expected, we identified both rapid and delayed gene inductions. Surprisingly, however, a large fraction of genes induced with delayed kinetics did not require protein synthesis and therefore represented delayed primary rather than secondary response genes. Of 133 genes induced within 4 h of growth factor stimulation, 49 (37%) were immediate-early genes, 58 (44%) were delayed primary response genes, and 26 (19%) were secondary response genes. Comparison of immediate-early and delayed primary response genes revealed functional and regulatory differences. Whereas many immediate-early genes encoded transcription factors, transcriptional regulators were not prevalent among the delayed primary response genes. The lag in induction of delayed primary response compared with immediate-early mRNAs was because of delays in both transcription initiation and subsequent stages of elongation and processing. Consistent with increased abundance of RNA polymerase II at their promoters, immediate-early genes were characterized by over-representation of transcription factor binding sites and high affinity TATA boxes. Immediate-early genes also had short primary transcripts with few exons, whereas delayed primary response genes more closely resembled other genes in the genome. These findings suggest that genomic features of immediate-early genes, in contrast to the delayed primary response genes, are selected for rapid induction, consistent with their regulatory functions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.