ArticleJournal of neuro-oncology2007
Nonspecific immunotherapy with intratumoral lipopolysaccharide and zymosan A but not GM-CSF leads to an effective anti-tumor response in subcutaneous RG-2 gliomas.
Article in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05751837 (Feasibility Study of Intra-Tumoral Lipopolysaccharide Immunotherapy for Intra-Abdominal Tumors), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Feasibility Study of Intra-Tumoral Lipopolysaccharide Immunotherapy for Intra-Abdominal Tumors
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protective effect of Zymosan-A against radiation-induced premature ovarian insufficiency in a murine model.iScience · 2026Article
- Advanced Technologies for Cancer Immunotherapy: Focus on Gastrointestinal Cancers.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Review
- Radiotherapy Combined with Intralesional Immunostimulatory Agents for Soft Tissue Sarcomas.Seminars in radiation oncology · 2024Review
- Clinical and Physiological Perspectives of β-Glucans: The Past, Present, and Future.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
- In situ vaccination: Cancer immunotherapy both personalized and off-the-shelf.Molecular oncology · 2015Review
- A role for G-CSF and GM-CSF in nonmyeloid cancers.Cancer medicine · 2014Review
- The use of anchored agonists of phagocytic receptors for cancer immunotherapy: B16-F10 murine melanoma model.PloS one · 2014Article
- The pharmacokinetics of Toll-like receptor agonists and the impact on the immune system.Expert review of clinical pharmacology · 2011Review
- Toll Like Receptors Signaling Pathways as a Target for Therapeutic Interventions.Current signal transduction therapy · 2011Article
- Decreased rate of infection in glioblastoma patients with allelic loss of chromosome 10q.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2009Article
- Bromodeoxyuridine inhibits cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) · 2008Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeNonspecific stimulation of cells of the immune system may be useful in generating an anti-tumor response for a variety of cancers and may work synergistically with currently available cytotoxic therapies. In this study we examined the response of syngeneic rat gliomas to treatment with several nonspecific stimulators of dendritic cells and macrophages alone or in combination with radiation therapy. EXPERIMENTAL
designRG-2 gliomas were implanted subcutaneously and treated with intratumoral (IT) injections of the toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and zymosan A (ZymA) and the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Combination treatment with IT LPS and single-fraction external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was also evaluated.
resultsTreatment with IT LPS and ZymA delayed tumor growth compared to saline controls. Multiple doses of both substances were superior to single doses, and led to complete tumor regression in 71% (LPS) and 50% (ZymA) of animals. GM-CSF showed no anti-tumor effects in this study. Combinations of IT LPS and EBRT appeared to have a synergistic effect in delaying tumor growth. Rechallenge studies and IT LPS treatment of RG-2 tumors in nude rats suggested the importance of T cells in this treatment paradigm.
conclusionsDirect IT treatment with the TLR ligands LPS and ZymA are effective in generating an anti-tumor response. These treatments may synergize with cytotoxic therapies such as EBRT, and appear to require T cells for a successful outcome.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.