ArticleJournal of virology2007
The TAR hairpin of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can be deleted when not required for Tat-mediated activation of transcription.
Article in Journal of virology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed.
- HIV-1 Tat-driven Glutamate Dysregulation: Implications for Cognitive Impairment in HAND.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Dual Functionality of miRNAs During HIV Infection: From Viral Genome Suppression to Immune Response Modulation.Epigenomes · 2026Review
- Enhanced transcriptional insulation of lentiviral vectors using "sequence-upgraded polyA long terminal repeats" or "supA-LTRs".Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- HIV-1 RNA genome packaging: it's G-rated.mBio · 2024Review
- HIV co-opts a cellular antiviral mechanism, activation of stress kinase PKR by its RNA, to enable splicing of rev/tat mRNA.Cell & bioscience · 2023Article
- Infectious RNA: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Biology, Therapeutic Intervention, and the Quest for a Vaccine.Toxins · 2022Review
- 5'-Cap sequestration is an essential determinant of HIV-1 genome packaging.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- NMR Studies of Retroviral Genome Packaging.Viruses · 2020Review
- Stabilizing role of structural elements within the 5´ Untranslated Region (UTR) and gag sequences in Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) genomic RNA packaging.RNA biology · 2019Article
- Genetic variation and function of the HIV-1 Tat protein.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2019Review
- In cell mutational interference mapping experiment (in cell MIME) identifies the 5' polyadenylation signal as a dual regulator of HIV-1 genomic RNA production and packaging.Nucleic acids research · 2018Article
- Retroviral RNA Dimerization: From Structure to Functions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Review
- The Battle of RNA Synthesis: Virus versus Host.Viruses · 2017Review
- HIV-1 Sequence Necessary and Sufficient to Package Non-viral RNAs into HIV-1 Particles.Journal of molecular biology · 2017Article
- Article
- Tat-dependent production of an HIV-1 TAR-encoded miRNA-like small RNA.Nucleic acids research · 2016Article
- HIV-1 transcriptional silencing caused by TRIM22 inhibition of Sp1 binding to the viral promoter.Retrovirology · 2015Article
- Damaging the Integrated HIV Proviral DNA with TALENs.PloS one · 2015Article
- Life of psi: how full-length HIV-1 RNAs become packaged genomes in the viral particles.Virology · 2014Review
- Small-angle X-ray scattering-derived structure of the HIV-1 5' UTR reveals 3D tRNA mimicry.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA genome contains a terminal repeat (R) region that encodes the transacting responsive (TAR) hairpin, which is essential for Tat-mediated activation of gene expression. TAR has also been implicated in several other processes during viral replication, including translation, dimerization, packaging, and reverse transcription. However, most studies in which replication of TAR-mutated viruses was analyzed were complicated by the dominant negative effect of the mutations on transcription. We therefore used an HIV-1 variant that does not require TAR for transcription to reinvestigate the role of TAR in HIV-1 replication. We demonstrate that this virus can replicate efficiently upon complete deletion of TAR. Furthermore, evolution of a TAR-deleted variant in long-term cultures indicates that HIV-1 requires a stable stem-loop structure at the start of the viral transcripts in which the 5'-terminal nucleotides are base paired. This prerequisite for efficient replication can be fulfilled by the TAR hairpin but also by unrelated stem-loop structures. We therefore conclude that TAR has no essential function in HIV-1 replication other than to accommodate Tat-mediated activation of transcription.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.