Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2007
Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 171 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
171 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 336 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Dietary Choline Consumption on the Development of Urinary Urgency Incontinence in a Longitudinal Cohort of Women.International urogynecology journal · 2024Pooled it
- Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Skeletal Muscle.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Factors Affecting Arsenic Methylation in Arsenic-Exposed Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Pooled it
- Choline and betaine concentrations in plasma discriminate levels of dietary choline intake in healthy adults: analysis of a double-blind randomized crossover controlled feeding study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- Oral Choline Reduced Working Memory-Related Brain Activation in Postmenopausal Women: A Pilot Study.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- The Effect of Choline and Resistance Training on Strength and Lean Mass in Older Adults.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Changes in Choline Metabolites and Ceramides in Response to a DASH-Style Diet in Older Adults.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Two methods for assessment of choline status in a randomized crossover study with varying dietary choline intake in people: isotope dilution MS of plasma and in vivo single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Trial
- Effects of probiotic supplementation on serum trimethylamine-N-oxide level and gut microbiota composition in young males: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.European journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Genetic impairments in folate enzymes increase dependence on dietary choline for phosphatidylcholine production at the expense of betaine synthesis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2016Trial
- Choline Supplementation With a Structured Lipid in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2016Trial
- Effect of egg ingestion on trimethylamine-N-oxide production in humans: a randomized, controlled, dose-response study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2014Trial
- Choline intake in a large cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2012Trial
- Docosahexaenoic acid in plasma phosphatidylcholine may be a potential marker for in vivo phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity in humans.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2011Trial
- Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2010Trial
- Choline intake and genetic polymorphisms influence choline metabolite concentrations in human breast milk and plasma.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2010Trial
- Lymphocyte gene expression in subjects fed a low-choline diet differs between those who develop organ dysfunction and those who do not.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2007Trial
- Choline status and related health outcomes in humans: A scoping review.Nutrition and health · 2026Article
- Development of a Choline Database for Thai Food and a Population-Wide Assessment of Choline Intake in Thailand.Nutrients · 2026Article
111 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough humans require dietary choline for methyl donation, membrane function, and neurotransmission, choline can also be derived from the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, which is up-regulated by estrogen. A recommended Adequate Intake (AI) exists for choline; however, an Estimated Average Requirement has not been set because of a lack of sufficient human data.
objectiveThe objective of the study was to evaluate the dietary requirements for choline in healthy men and women and to investigate the clinical sequelae of choline deficiency.
designFifty-seven adult subjects (26 men, 16 premenopausal women, 15 postmenopausal women) were fed a diet containing 550 mg choline x 70 kg(-1) x d(-1) for 10 d followed by <50 mg choline x 70 kg(-1) x d(-1) with or without a folic acid supplement (400 microg/d per randomization) for up to 42 d. Subjects who developed organ dysfunction during this diet had normal organ function restored after incremental amounts of choline were added back to the diet. Blood and urine were monitored for signs of toxicity and metabolite concentrations, and liver fat was assessed by using magnetic resonance imaging.
resultsWhen deprived of dietary choline, 77% of men and 80% of postmenopausal women developed fatty liver or muscle damage, whereas only 44% of premenopausal women developed such signs of organ dysfunction. Moreover, 6 men developed these signs while consuming 550 mg choline x 70 kg(-1) x d(-1), the AI for choline. Folic acid supplementation did not alter the subjects' response.
conclusionSubject characteristics (eg, menopausal status) modulated the dietary requirement for choline, and a daily intake at the current AI was not sufficient to prevent organ dysfunction in 19 of the subjects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.