ReviewJournal of the Royal Society, Interface2008
Vaccine-induced pathogen strain replacement: what are the mechanisms?
Review in Journal of the Royal Society, Interface, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- Autogenous vaccines: an alternative approach to disease control in poultry.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Epidemiological approaches to evaluate clinical unmasking of HPV-associated cervical lesions in the HPV vaccination era.International journal of cancer · 2026Review
- HPV Type Replacement After HPV Vaccination.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2026Review
- Assessing the effect of social contact structure on the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Surface protein distribution in Group B Streptococcus isolates from South Africa and identifying vaccine targets through in silico analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Vaccine-induced strain replacement: theory and real-life implications.Future microbiology · 2024Review
- Microevolution and Its Impact on Hypervirulence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Vaccine Escape inMicroorganisms · 2023Review
- A multi-strain model with asymptomatic transmission: Application to COVID-19 in the US.Journal of theoretical biology · 2023Article
- A mathematical model for the co-dynamics of COVID-19 and tuberculosis.Mathematics and computers in simulation · 2023Article
- Nonlinear optimal control strategies for a mathematical model of COVID-19 and influenza co-infection.Physica A · 2022Article
- Effect of difference between EV-A71 virus epidemic strain and "vaccine strain" on neutralizing antibody titer.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- Viral determinants that drive Enterovirus-A71 fitness and virulence.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Review
- Risk compensation after HIV-1 vaccination may accelerate viral adaptation and reduce cost-effectiveness: a modeling study.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Superinfection and the evolution of an initial asymptomatic stage.Royal Society open science · 2021Article
- Genotype Distribution Change After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Two Autonomous Communities in Spain.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Introducing Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in South Asia: Lessons From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Broad vaccine protection against Neisseria meningitidis using factor H binding protein.Vaccine · 2020Review
- Article
- Transcriptomic profiling of nematode parasites surviving vaccine exposure.International journal for parasitology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Host immune systems impose natural selection on pathogen populations, which respond by evolving different antigenic signatures. Like many evolutionary processes, pathogen evolution reflects an interaction between different levels of selection; pathogens can win in between-strain competition by taking over individual hosts (within-host level) or by infecting more hosts (population level). Vaccination, which intensifies and modifies selection by protecting hosts against one or more pathogen strains, can drive the emergence of new dominant pathogen strains-a phenomenon called vaccine-induced pathogen strain replacement. Here, we review reports of increased incidence of subdominant variants after vaccination campaigns and extend the current model for pathogen strain replacement, which assumes that pathogen strain replacement occurs only through the differential effectiveness of vaccines against different pathogen strains. Based on a recent theoretical study, we suggest a broader range of possible mechanisms, some of which allow pathogen strain replacement even when vaccines are perfect-that is, they protect all vaccinated individuals completely against all pathogen strains. We draw an analogy with ecological and evolutionary explanations for competitive dominance and coexistence that allow for tradeoffs between different competitive and life-history traits.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.