ArticleImmunogenetics2007
Low MHC variation in the endangered Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus).
Article in Immunogenetics, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic and evolutionary characteristics of the major histocompatibility complex class II β-chain genes of a large colony of captive king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus).Immunogenetics · 2026Article
- Long-term effect of inbreeding in the yellow steppe lemming,Current zoology · 2025Article
- Diversity and evolution of the MHC class II DRB gene in the Capra sibirica experienced a demographic fluctuation in China.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Composition and function of the Galapagos penguin gut microbiome vary with age, location, and a putative bacterial pathogen.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A robust sequencing assay of a thousand amplicons for the high-throughput population monitoring of Alpine ibex immunogenetics.Molecular ecology resources · 2022Article
- Molecular Characterization of MHC Class I Genes in Four Species of theBioMed research international · 2021Article
- Evidence of Pathogen-Induced Immunogenetic Selection across the Large Geographic Range of a Wild Seabird.Molecular biology and evolution · 2020Article
- Genetic epidemiology of the Alpine ibex reservoir of persistent and virulent brucellosis outbreak.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- The role of demographic history and selection in shaping genetic diversity of the Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus).PloS one · 2020Article
- Characterisation of major histocompatibility complex class IIa haplotypes in an island sheep population.Immunogenetics · 2019Article
- Challenges of next-generation sequencing in conservation management: Insights from long-term monitoring of corridor effects on the genetic diversity of mouse lemurs in a fragmented landscape.Evolutionary applications · 2019Article
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (DRB3) Genetic Diversity in Spanish Morucha and Colombian Normande Cattle Compared to Taurine and Zebu Populations.Frontiers in genetics · 2019Article
- Heterozygosity-fitness correlation at the major histocompatibility complex despite low variation in Alpine ibex (Evolutionary applications · 2018Article
- Whole-genome de novo sequencing reveals unique genes that contributed to the adaptive evolution of the Mikado pheasant.GigaScience · 2018Article
- Genetic variation of major histocompatibility complex genes in the endangered red-crowned crane.Immunogenetics · 2017Article
- Diversity of MHC class I alleles in Spheniscus humboldti.Immunogenetics · 2017Article
- Polymorphism in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC class II B) genes of the Rufous-backed Bunting (PeerJ · 2017Article
- Diversity and selection of MHC class I genes in the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes).PloS one · 2017Article
- Contrasting patterns of selection between MHC I and II across populations of Humboldt and Magellanic penguins.Ecology and evolution · 2016Article
- Contrasting evolutionary histories of MHC class I and class II loci in grouse--effects of selection and gene conversion.Heredity · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the most polymorphic regions of the genome, likely due to balancing selection acting to maintain alleles over time. Lack of MHC variability has been attributed to factors such as genetic drift in small populations and relaxed selection pressure. The Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), endemic to the Galápagos Islands, is the only penguin that occurs on the equator. It relies upon cold, nutrient-rich upwellings and experiences severe population declines when ocean temperatures rise during El Niño events. These bottlenecks, occurring in an already small population, have likely resulted in reduced genetic diversity in this species. In this study, we used MHC class II exon 2 sequence data from a DRB1-like gene to characterize the amount of genetic variation at the MHC in 30 Galápagos penguins, as well as one Magellanic penguin (S. magellanicus) and two king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), and compared it to that in five other penguin species for which published data exist. We found that the Galápagos penguin had the lowest MHC diversity (as measured by number of polymorphic sites and average divergence among alleles) of the eight penguin species studied. A phylogenetic analysis showed that Galápagos penguin MHC sequences are most closely related to Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) sequences, its putative sister species based on other loci. An excess of non-synonymous mutations and a pattern of trans-specific evolution in the neighbor-joining tree suggest that selection is acting on the penguin MHC.
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