SynthesisBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2007
Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP).
Synthesis in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 430 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effective Change of Behaviour of the Elderly in Normal General Practice
Software Application for Low-Sodium Diet Trial (SALT): A Pilot Study
Education to Decrease in Sodium Intake in University Students Evaluated With 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion: Randomized Controlled Trial
What Are the Effects of Potatoes, Utilizing Specific Cooking Methods, on Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Persons With and Without Type II Diabetes Who Follow the DASH Diet for 6 Weeks?
Who cites it
430 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,180 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension 2025 (JSH2025).Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Guideline
- 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Full Version Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2024Guideline
- 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024Guideline
- Guideline
- Sodium Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Observational Cohort Studies.Current hypertension reports · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Dietary Sodium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2019Guideline
- Association of sodium intake and major cardiovascular outcomes: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2018Pooled it
- Effects of weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2017Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Clinical significance of 'cardiometabolic memory': a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2017Pooled it
- A systematic review of economic evaluations of population-based sodium reduction interventions.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Effects of High- Versus Low-Sodium Oxybate on Blood Pressure in Patients With Narcolepsy.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2025Trial
- Effectiveness and optimization of low-sodium oxybate in participants with narcolepsy switching from a high-sodium oxybate: data from the Substitution of Equal Grams of Uninterrupted Xyrem to Xywav study.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024Trial
- Effect of home cook interventions for salt reduction in China: cluster randomised controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Trial
- Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and bioequivalence of lower-sodium oxybate in healthy participants in two open-label, randomized, crossover studies.Clinical and translational science · 2021Trial
- Effects of a Novel Contextual Just-In-Time Mobile App Intervention (LowSalt4Life) on Sodium Intake in Adults With Hypertension: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2020Trial
- High Salt Intake Augments Blood Pressure Responses During Submaximal Aerobic Exercise.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Trial
- Elevated cerebrospinal fluid sodium in hypertensive human subjects with a family history of Alzheimer's disease.Physiological genomics · 2020Trial
370 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the effects of reduction in dietary sodium intake on cardiovascular events using data from two completed randomised trials, TOHP I and TOHP II.
designLong term follow-up assessed 10-15 years after the original trial.
setting10 clinic sites in 1987-90 (TOHP I) and nine sites in 1990-5 (TOHP II). Central follow-up conducted by post and phone.
participantsAdults aged 30-54 years with prehypertension.
interventionDietary sodium reduction, including comprehensive education and counselling on reducing intake, for 18 months (TOHP I) or 36-48 months (TOHP II).
main outcome measureCardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularisation, or cardiovascular death).
results744 participants in TOHP I and 2382 in TOHP II were randomised to a sodium reduction intervention or control. Net sodium reductions in the intervention groups were 44 mmol/24 h and 33 mmol/24 h, respectively. Vital status was obtained for all participants and follow-up information on morbidity was obtained from 2415 (77%), with 200 reporting a cardiovascular event. Risk of a cardiovascular event was 25% lower among those in the intervention group (relative risk 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.99, P=0.04), adjusted for trial, clinic, age, race, and sex, and 30% lower after further adjustment for baseline sodium excretion and weight (0.70, 0.53 to 0.94), with similar results in each trial. In secondary analyses, 67 participants died (0.80, 0.51 to 1.26, P=0.34).
conclusionSodium reduction, previously shown to lower blood pressure, may also reduce long term risk of cardiovascular events.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.