ReviewCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2007
Role of IL-21 in immune-regulation and tumor immunotherapy.
Review in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- AttenuatedActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Article
- A deep learning approach based on multi-omics data integration to construct a risk stratification prediction model for skin cutaneous melanoma.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Autoimmune genetic risk variants as germline biomarkers of response to melanoma immune-checkpoint inhibition.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2019Article
- IL-21: a pleiotropic cytokine with potential applications in oncology.Journal of immunology research · 2015Review
- Association between IL-21 gene rs907715 polymorphisms and Graves' disease in a Southern Chinese population.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2014Article
- Recombinant IL-21 and anti-CD4 antibodies cooperate in syngeneic neuroblastoma immunotherapy and mediate long-lasting immunity.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2014Article
- Article
- Monoclonal antibody therapy of pancreatic cancer with cetuximab: potential for immune modulation.Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997) · 2012Review
- An integrated disease/pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model suggests improved interleukin-21 regimens validated prospectively for mouse solid cancers.PLoS computational biology · 2011Article
- Role of common-gamma chain cytokines in NK cell development and function: perspectives for immunotherapy.Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology · 2011Review
- Article
- Immunotherapy of neuroblastoma by an Interleukin-21-secreting cell vaccine involves survivin as antigen.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2008Article
- IL-21 induces in vivo immune activation of NK cells and CD8(+) T cells in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2008Article
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
IL-21, the most recently discovered member of the IL-2 cytokine family, is an attractive subject for research due to its involvement in experimental models of autoimmunity, its ability to down-regulate IgE production, and its anti-tumor properties. Its interest for cancer immunotherapy stems from its physiological immune-enhancing functions. These include regulation of T, B and NK cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and effector functions. IL-21's functional activities partially overlap those of IL-2. Both cytokines display similar structural features and use the common gamma-chain receptor and its downstream signaling pathways. Besides its activities on normal lymphoid cells, IL-21 is an in vitro growth factor for myeloma and acute-T cell leukemia cells, whereas it induces the apoptosis of B-CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia) cells. These findings indicate that the IL-21/IL-21R system exerts opposite functions in different lymphoid neoplasias, and suggest its employment in B-CLL therapy. Since IL-2, but not IL-21, is specifically required for the development of regulatory T (Treg) cell immune-suppressive functions, IL-21 may be a new tool for cancer immunotherapy. It is, in fact, a powerful anti-tumor agent in a variety of murine experimental tumor models through its activation of specific or innate immune responses against neoplastic cells. The preliminary data from phase-I clinical studies suggest that the use of IL-21 is feasible and may result in immune-enhancing effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.