ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2007
Invited commentary: when bad genes look good - APOE*E4, cognitive decline, and diagnostic thresholds.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Multimodal Latent Severity Axis for Alzheimer's Disease: Probabilistic PCA, Bayesian Trajectories, and Stage-Aware Timing Effects.Neurology and therapy · 2026Article
- Hospitalization, Critical Illness, and Mortality Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.ACR open rheumatology · 2023Article
- Longitudinal Associations of US Acculturation With Cognitive Performance, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia.American journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- Cognitive Aging in Black and White Americans: Cognition, Cognitive Decline, and Incidence of Alzheimer Disease Dementia.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2018Article
- Alzheimer's disease genetic risk variants beyondAlzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2017Article
- Guidelines for reporting methodological challenges and evaluating potential bias in dementia research.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2015Review
- Validation of a polygenic risk score for dementia in black and white individuals.Brain and behavior · 2014Article
- Selection bias in rheumatic disease research.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2014Review
- Progression of osteoarthritis as a state of inertia.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2013Article
- The paradox of syndromic diversity in Alzheimer disease.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2012Review
- Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in older adults.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2009Article
- Association of lead exposure with survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Environmental health perspectives · 2008Article
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Authors and funding
1 author.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Scientific interest frequently focuses on how factors that influence disease onset subsequently affect disease progression. In this commentary, the author discusses four sources of bias that arise in such work. The focus is on Tyas et al.'s analyses (Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:1231-1238) of how the apolipoprotein E *E4 allele, a well-documented risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, influences progression of cognitive impairments from mild or global cognitive impairment to dementia or death. The author addresses four phenomena that can lead to spurious (noncausal) associations between apolipoprotein E *E4 status and rate of progression of cognitive impairments: beginning observations in the middle of a developing pathologic process, survivor bias, uncertainty in the timing of disease diagnosis, and nonlinear disease progression trajectories. Because these sources of bias are potentially relevant in any study of how risk factors for disease onset influence disease progression, the author advocates assessing their likely magnitude in specific contexts when interpreting results.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.