Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2007
Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 864 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase 2 Study of IL-1Ra in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Effect of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist on Insulin Sensitivity in Obese, Insulin Resistant Individuals
Anti-IL-1 Treatment in Children Diabetic Keto-Acidosis (DKA) at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes.
Who cites it
864 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,781 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of anti-inflammatory therapies on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Therapeutic role of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in pancreatic diseases: mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Acute interleukin-1β antagonism decreases systemic inflammation, increases GLP-1 release, and modulates insulin secretion in individuals with prediabetes.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Trial
- A randomized controlled pilot trial of anakinra and pioglitazone for protein metabolism in patients on maintenance haemodialysis.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2024Trial
- Effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome-the FertIL trial.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Trial
- Do proinflammatory cytokines play a role in clozapine-associated glycometabolism disorders?Psychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Metabolic Complications in Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Drugging trained immunity: immunometabolic and epigenetic control of maladaptive inflammatory memory in chronic inflammatory diseases.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Immunometabolism in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Decoding Immunometabolic Dynamics of Adipose Tissue in Obesity: Evolving Evidence and Way Forward.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Review
- Visceral Adiposity Is Associated with Elevated Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Levels and Anxiety Symptoms in Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Perspectives on human adipose tissue: from cellular mechanisms to clinical complications.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Targeting Inflammation in Obesity and the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Spectrum: A Narrative Review.Obesity facts · 2026Review
- Diabetes Mellitus as an Integrated Microbiome, Immune, and Metabolic Disorder with Clinical Implications for Multisystem Complications and Public Health.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Disulfiram Protects Against Diet-Induced Obesity by Reprogramming Systemic Lipid Partitioning Independent of GSDMD.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A Novel CYP2E1 Inhibitor, 4-Methyl-5-Acetylthiazole (Q11), Alleviates Obesity Via Modulating Adipose Inflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Precision Targeted Therapy for PCOS: Emerging Drugs, Translational Challenges, and Future Opportunities.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Adipose tissue releases nucleosides.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Article
- Obesity and type 2 diabetes as chronic inflammation: how does the cytokine evidence align?Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
804 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe expression of interleukin-1-receptor antagonist is reduced in pancreatic islets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and high glucose concentrations induce the production of interleukin-1beta in human pancreatic beta cells, leading to impaired insulin secretion, decreased cell proliferation, and apoptosis.
methodsIn this double-blind, parallel-group trial involving 70 patients with type 2 diabetes, we randomly assigned 34 patients to receive 100 mg of anakinra (a recombinant human interleukin-1-receptor antagonist) subcutaneously once daily for 13 weeks and 36 patients to receive placebo. At baseline and at 13 weeks, all patients underwent an oral glucose-tolerance test, followed by an intravenous bolus of 0.3 g of glucose per kilogram of body weight, 0.5 mg of glucagon, and 5 g of arginine. In addition, 35 patients underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study. The primary end point was a change in the level of glycated hemoglobin, and secondary end points were changes in beta-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory markers.
resultsAt 13 weeks, in the anakinra group, the glycated hemoglobin level was 0.46 percentage point lower than in the placebo group (P=0.03); C-peptide secretion was enhanced (P=0.05), and there were reductions in the ratio of proinsulin to insulin (P=0.005) and in levels of interleukin-6 (P<0.001) and C-reactive protein (P=0.002). Insulin resistance, insulin-regulated gene expression in skeletal muscle, serum adipokine levels, and the body-mass index were similar in the two study groups. Symptomatic hypoglycemia was not observed, and there were no apparent drug-related serious adverse events.
conclusionsThe blockade of interleukin-1 with anakinra improved glycemia and beta-cell secretory function and reduced markers of systemic inflammation. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00303394 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.