ArticleTobacco control2007
Mortality and life expectancy in relation to long-term cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking: the Zutphen Study.
Article in Tobacco control, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cotinine levels influence the risk of rupture of brain aneurysms.Acta neurologica Scandinavica · 2022Trial
- Cost-effectiveness of extended cessation treatment for older smokers.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2014Trial
- Effects of Aerosol Extract From Heated Tobacco Products on Senescence-Associated Gene Expression in Human Lung Fibroblasts.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2026Article
- ICT, health expenditures, and healthy life expectancy: empirical evidence from the Sub-Saharan African states.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Association of the age at smoking initiation and cessation on all-cause and cause-specific mortality: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study.Nagoya journal of medical science · 2023Article
- Association between Nontraditional Risk Factors and Calculated 10-Year Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in a Large General Population: Based on the Pars Cohort Study.The journal of Tehran Heart Center · 2023Article
- Smoking intensity and urinary nicotine metabolites by socioeconomic status in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- The presence of Superfund sites as a determinant of life expectancy in the United States.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Cigarette smoking and all-cause mortality in rural Chinese male adults: 15-year follow-up of the Anqing cohort study.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Smoking History Decreases Survival in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Mouth: A Retrospective Study with 15 Years of Follow-up.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2019Observational
- Autophagy in Crotonaldehyde-Induced Endothelial Toxicity.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Associations between Urban Sprawl and Life Expectancy in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Comparison of Puff Volume With Cigarettes per Day in Predicting Nicotine Uptake Among Daily Smokers.American journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
- Lifetime Smoking History and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Cohort Study with 43 Years of Follow-Up.PloS one · 2016Article
- The enduring effects of smoking in Latin America.American journal of public health · 2015Article
- Promoting tobacco cessation utilizing pre-health professional students as research associates in the emergency department.Addictive behaviors · 2015Article
- Contributions of major smoking-related diseases to reduction in life expectancy associated with smoking in Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2013Article
- New York tobacco control program cessation assistance: costs, benefits, and effectiveness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2013Article
- Development of methodology for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) calculation based on real-life data.PloS one · 2013Article
- Tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol use in university students: a cluster analysis.Journal of American college health : J of ACH · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveTo study the effect of long-term smoking on all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and to estimate the effects of cigarette and cigar or pipe smoking on life expectancy.
designA long-term prospective cohort study.
settingZutphen, The Netherlands.
participants1373 men from the Zutphen Study, born between 1900 and 1920 and studied between 1960 and 2000. MEASUREMENTS: Hazard ratios for the type of smoking, amount and duration of cigarette smoking, obtained from a time-dependent Cox regression model. Absolute health effects of smoking are expressed as differences in life expectancy and the number of disease-free years of life. MAIN
resultsDuration of cigarette smoking was strongly associated with mortality from cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, whereas both the number of cigarettes smoked as well as duration of cigarette smoking were strongly associated with all-cause mortality. Average cigarette smoking reduced the total life expectancy by 6.8 years, whereas heavy cigarette smoking reduced the total life expectancy by 8.8 years. The number of total life-years lost due to cigar or pipe smoking was 4.7 years. Moreover, cigarette smoking reduced the number of disease-free life-years by 5.8 years, and cigar or pipe smoking by 5.2 years. Stopping cigarette smoking at age 40 increased the life expectancy by 4.6 years, while the number of disease-free life-years was increased by 3.0 years.
conclusionsCigar or pipe smoking reduces life expectancy to a lesser extent than cigarette smoking. Both the number of cigarettes smoked and duration of smoking are strongly associated with mortality risk and the number of life-years lost. Stopping smoking after age 40 has major health benefits.
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