ReviewToxicology and applied pharmacology2007
Photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4: the case experience with preclinical mechanistic and early clinical-translational studies.
Review in Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 234 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hypocrellin-Mediated PDT: A Systematic Review of Its Efficacy, Applications, and Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Research trends and hotspots of upconversion nanoparticles for drug delivery and biomedical targeting in photodynamic therapy.Discover nano · 2025Review
- Micelle-Encapsulated Theranostic Phthalocyanine and Naphthalocyanine Derivatives for Photothermal Therapy and Photoacoustic Imaging with NIR-I vs NIR-II Irradiation.ACS applied nano materials · 2025Article
- Spectroscopic Insights into the Localization and Photodynamic Efficacy of Aluminum Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine for Colorectal Cancer Therapy.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2025Article
- Hybrid Nanoplatforms Based on Photosensitizers and Metal/Covalent Organic Frameworks for Improved Cancer Synergistic Treatment Nano-Delivery Systems.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Photodynamic Therapy: Past, Current, and Future.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The impact of photodynamic therapy on immune system in cancer - an update.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Nanotherapeutic Intervention in Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer.ACS omega · 2022Review
- Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer: Recent advances, challenges and opportunities.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Targeting Cancer Cell Tight Junctions Enhances PLGA-Based Photothermal Sensitizers' Performance In Vitro and In Vivo.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Phthalocyanine and Its Formulations: A Promising Photosensitizer for Cervical Cancer Phototherapy.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation against Fungi.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Review
- Potential of Cyanine Derived Dyes in Photodynamic Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Quo Vadis Advanced Prostate Cancer Therapy? Novel Treatment Perspectives and Possible Future Directions.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Synthesis, Tumor Specificity, and Photosensitizing Efficacy of Erlotinib-Conjugated Chlorins and Bacteriochlorins: Identification of a Highly Effective Candidate for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2021Article
- Biophysical Characterization and Anticancer Activities of Photosensitive Phytoanthraquinones Represented by Hypericin and Its Model Compounds.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Exploring the Applications of the Photoprotective Properties of Anthocyanins in Biological Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Anticancer Activity Study and Density Functional/Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (DFT/TD-DFT) Calculations of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24)-Tetrakis-(6-Methylpyridin-2-Yloxy)Phthalocyaninato Zn(II).Journal of fluorescence · 2020Article
- Tetrahedral DNA nanostructures as drug delivery and bioimaging platforms in cancer therapy.Cancer science · 2020Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a promising non-invasive treatment for cancers. PDT involves either local or systemic administration of a photosensitizing drug, which preferentially localizes within the tumor, followed by illumination of the involved organ with light, usually from a laser source. Here, we provide a selective overview of our experience with PDT at Case Western Reserve University, specifically with the silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4. We first review our in vitro studies evaluating the mechanism of cell killing by Pc 4-PDT. Then we briefly describe our clinical experience in a Phase I trial of Pc 4-PDT and our preliminary translational studies evaluating the mechanisms behind tumor responses. Preclinical work identified (a) cardiolipin and the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL as targets of Pc 4-PDT, (b) the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, with the key participation of caspase-3, as a central response of many human cancer cells to Pc 4-PDT, (c) signaling pathways that could modify apoptosis, and (d) a formulation by which Pc 4 could be applied topically to human skin and penetrate at least through the basal layer of the epidermis. Clinical-translational studies enabled us to develop an immunohistochemical assay for caspase-3 activation, using biopsies from patients treated with topical Pc 4 in a Phase I PDT trial for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Results suggest that this assay may be used as an early biomarker of clinical response.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.