ArticlePLoS pathogens2007
Bacterial ligands generated in a phagosome are targets of the cytosolic innate immune system.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 161 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human TLR8 is activated upon recognition of Borrelia burgdorferi RNA in the phagosome of human monocytes.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2013Trial
- Wound-Healing Potential of Engineered Lysin GRC-ML07 inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Distinct colitis-associated macrophages drive NOD2-dependent bacterial sensing and gut homeostasis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Gut Virome and Aging: Phage-Driven Microbial Stability and Immune Modulation.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Differences in Phage Recognition and Immunogenicity Contribute to Divergent Human Immune Responses to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Phages.European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- Pattern Recognition by NOD-Like Receptors.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Minimalist TetrazineJournal of the American Chemical Society · 2024Article
- Comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses investigating the regulatory effects of different sources of dietary astaxanthin on the antioxidant and immune functions of commercial-sized rainbow trout.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Caspase-11 interaction with NLRP3 potentiates the noncanonical activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.Nature immunology · 2022Article
- Multiscale Invasion Assay for Probing Macrophage Response to Gram-Negative Bacteria.Frontiers in chemistry · 2022Article
- Cytosolic detection of phagosomal bacteria-Mechanisms underlying PAMP exodus from the phagosome into the cytosol.Molecular microbiology · 2021Review
- Investigating the Roles of Listeria monocytogenes Peroxidases in Growth and Virulence.Microbiology spectrum · 2021Article
- Role of NLRs in the Regulation of Type I Interferon Signaling, Host Defense and Tolerance to Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Recent Insights Into the Prognostic and Therapeutic Applications of Lysozymes.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory and infectious diseases.Immunological reviews · 2020Review
- Article
- TLR2 and endosomal TLR-mediated secretion of IL-10 and immune suppression in response to phagosome-confined Listeria monocytogenes.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- TLR9 Sensing of Self-DNA Controls Cell-Mediated Immunity to Listeria Infection via Rapid Conversion of Conventional CD4Cell reports · 2020Article
- Why is Listeria monocytogenes such a potent inducer of CD8+ T-cells?Cellular microbiology · 2020Review
- Cas9eLife · 2019Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophages are permissive hosts to intracellular pathogens, but upon activation become microbiocidal effectors of innate and cell-mediated immunity. How the fate of internalized microorganisms is monitored by macrophages, and how that information is integrated to stimulate specific immune responses is not understood. Activation of macrophages with interferon (IFN)-gamma leads to rapid killing and degradation of Listeria monocytogenes in a phagosome, thus preventing escape of bacteria to the cytosol. Here, we show that activated macrophages induce a specific gene expression program to L. monocytogenes degraded in the phago-lysosome. In addition to activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, degraded bacteria also activated a TLR-independent transcriptional response that was similar to the response induced by cytosolic L. monocytogenes. More specifically, degraded bacteria induced a TLR-independent IFN-beta response that was previously shown to be specific to cytosolic bacteria and not to intact bacteria localized to the phagosome. This response required the generation of bacterial ligands in the phago-lysosome and was largely dependent on nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), a cytosolic receptor known to respond to bacterial peptidoglycan fragments. The NOD2-dependent response to degraded bacteria required the phagosomal membrane potential and the activity of lysosomal proteases. The NOD2-dependent IFN-beta production resulted from synergism with other cytosolic microbial sensors. This study supports the hypothesis that in activated macrophages, cytosolic innate immune receptors are activated by bacterial ligands generated in the phagosome and transported to the cytosol.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.