ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology2007
Enteroendocrine cells express functional Toll-like receptors.
Article in American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 222 citations in OpenAlex.
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- TNFα signaling in radiation-induced chronic bowel dysfunction suggests therapeutic potential for IBD biologics.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and associated metabolites: key players in high-fat diet-induced chronic diseases.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Enteroendocrine cell differentiation: Implications for human disease.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2025Review
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- Microbiome Gut-Brain-Axis: Impact on Brain Development and Mental Health.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Microbiota-neuroepithelial signalling across the gut-brain axis.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Cross-talk between microbiota-gut-brain axis and blood pressure regulation.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Review
- Microbial dipeptidyl peptidases of the S9B family as host-microbe isozymes.Science advances · 2025Review
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- Gut Microbiome Regulation of Gut Hormone Secretion.Endocrinology · 2025Review
- GLP-1/GLP-1R axis: from metabolism (obesity and T2DM) to immunity.Open biology · 2025Review
- Sulfate reducing bacteria induce α-synuclein in intestinal and neuronal cells and tissues and inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase in neuronal cells.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Exploring the effects of probiotics on olanzapine-induced metabolic syndrome through the gut microbiota.Gut pathogens · 2024Article
- Systematic Insights into the Relationship between the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Stroke with the Focus on Tryptophan Metabolism.Metabolites · 2024Review
- Emerging Roles of Gut Serotonin in Regulation of Immune Response, Microbiota Composition and Intestinal Inflammation.Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology · 2024Review
- Toll-like receptor 4 plays a vital role in irritable bowel syndrome: a scoping review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) provide a physical and immunological barrier against enteric microbial flora. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), through interactions with conserved microbial patterns, activate inflammatory gene expression in cells of the innate immune system. Previous studies of the expression and function of TLRs in IECs have reported varying results. Therefore, TLR expression was characterized in human and murine intestinal sections, and TLR function was tested in an IEC line. TLR1, TLR2, and TLR4 are coexpressed on a subpopulation of human and murine IECs that reside predominantly in the intestinal crypt and belong to the enteroendocrine lineage. An enteroendocrine cell (EEC) line demonstrated a similar expression pattern of TLRs as primary cells. The murine EEC line STC-1 was activated with specific TLR ligands: LPS or synthetic bacterial lipoprotein. In STC-1 cells stimulated with bacterial ligands, NF-kappaB and MAPK activation was demonstrated. Furthermore, the expression of TNF and macrophage inhibitory protein-2 were induced. Additionally, bacterial ligands induced the expression of the anti-inflammatory gene transforming growth factor-beta. LPS triggered a calcium flux in STC-1 cells, resulting in a rapid increase in CCK secretion. Finally, conditioned media from STC-1 cells inhibited the production of nitric oxide and IL-12 p40 by activated macrophages. In conclusion, human and murine IECs that express TLRs belong to the enteroendocrine lineage. Using a murine EEC model, a broad range of functional effects of TLR activation was demonstrated. This study suggests a potential role for EECs in innate immune responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.