SynthesisThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2007
Transmission of influenza A in human beings.
Synthesis in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 349 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Incidence of Respiratory Illness in Outpatient Healthcare Workers Who Wear Respirators or Medical Masks While Caring for Patients
Evaluation of Free Air Portable Air Powered Respirator System for Prevention of Influenza Transmission
Who cites it
349 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Hand hygiene and facemask use to prevent droplet-transmitted viral diseases during air travel: a systematic literature review.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Transmission routes of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09: analyses of inflight outbreaks.Epidemiology and infection · 2018Pooled it
- Effectiveness of workplace social distancing measures in reducing influenza transmission: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2018Pooled it
- Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza - United States, 2017.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2017Guideline
- Review Article: Influenza Transmission on Aircraft: A Systematic Literature Review.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2016Pooled it
- Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2016Pooled it
- Use of non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the transmission of influenza in adults: A systematic review.Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2015Pooled it
- Airborne transmission and precautions: facts and myths.The Journal of hospital infection · 2015Pooled it
- Minimal transmission in an influenza A (H3N2) human challenge-transmission model within a controlled exposure environment.PLoS pathogens · 2020Trial
- Study of Healthcare Personnel with Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses in Israel (SHIRI): study protocol.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- Heterogeneous shedding of influenza by human subjects and its implications for epidemiology and control.Scientific reports · 2016Trial
- Analytical performance of the BD veritor™ system for rapid detection of influenza virus A and B in a primary healthcare setting.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Trial
- Coverage and appropriateness of influenza vaccination in adults ≥ 60 y: Provider contribution and adherence to Italian national recommendations.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Prognostic Value of Clinical and Laboratory Markers in Hospitalized Influenza-Positive Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study With ROC-Based Risk Stratification.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Divergent pathogenic mechanisms of influenza A and influenza B viruses.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Immunity to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase results in additive reductions in airborne transmission of influenza H1N1 virus in ferrets.Science advances · 2026Article
- Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks for pathogen detection.Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry · 2026Review
- Advancements in diagnosis, preventive care, and future directions in the holistic management of pediatric asthma.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- The relative contribution of close-proximity contacts, shared classroom exposure and indoor air quality to respiratory virus transmission in schools.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Lung cell fates during influenza.Cell research · 2025Review
289 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Planning for the next influenza pandemic is occurring at many levels throughout the world, spurred on by the recent spread of H5N1 avian influenza in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Central to these planning efforts in the health-care sector are strategies to minimise the transmission of influenza to health-care workers and patients. The infection control precautions necessary to prevent airborne, droplet, and contact transmission are quite different and will need to be decided on and planned before a pandemic occurs. Despite vast clinical experience in human beings, there continues to be much debate about how influenza is transmitted. We have done a systematic review of the English language experimental and epidemiological literature on this subject to better inform infection control planning efforts. We have found that the existing data are limited with respect to the identification of specific modes of transmission in the natural setting. However, we are able to conclude that transmission occurs at close range rather than over long distances, suggesting that airborne transmission, as traditionally defined, is unlikely to be of significance in most clinical settings. Further research is required to better define conditions under which the influenza virus may transmit via the airborne route.
Indexed as
Identifiers
17376383What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.