ArticleInfection and immunity2007
Transcutaneous immunization with Clostridium difficile toxoid A induces systemic and mucosal immune responses and toxin A-neutralizing antibodies in mice.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Major pathogenicIranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2022Review
- Article
- Protective Effect of Carvacrol against Gut Dysbiosis andFrontiers in microbiology · 2017Article
- A Tetraspecific VHH-Based Neutralizing Antibody Modifies Disease Outcome in Three Animal Models of Clostridium difficile Infection.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2016Article
- Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant Clostridium difficile flagellar protein FliC.Emerging microbes & infections · 2016Article
- Article
- Antibodies for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2014Review
- Carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde reduce Clostridium difficile toxin production and cytotoxicity in vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2014Article
- Protection from Clostridium difficile infection in CD4 T Cell- and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor-deficient mice.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
- Progress in the discovery of treatments for C. difficile infection: A clinical and medicinal chemistry review.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2014Review
- Vaccines against Clostridium difficile.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2014Review
- Novel adjuvants & delivery vehicles for vaccines development: a road ahead.The Indian journal of medical research · 2013Review
- Article
- Development and optimization of a novel assay to measure neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2013Article
- The host immune response to Clostridium difficile infection.Therapeutic advances in infectious disease · 2013Review
- Transcutaneous vaccination via laser microporation.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2012Article
- A chimeric toxin vaccine protects against primary and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.Infection and immunity · 2012Article
- Transcutaneous immunization with a Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa synthetic hexasaccharide conjugate following oral whole-cell cholera vaccination boosts vibriocidal responses and induces protective immunity in mice.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2012Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. C. difficile produces two toxins (A and B), and systemic and mucosal anti-toxin A antibodies prevent or limit C. difficile-associated diarrhea. To evaluate whether transcutaneous immunization with formalin-treated C. difficile toxin A (CDA) induces systemic and mucosal anti-CDA immune responses, we transcutaneously immunized three cohorts of mice with CDA with or without immunoadjuvantative cholera toxin (CT) on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Mice transcutaneously immunized with CDA and CT developed prominent anti-CDA and anti-CT immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA responses in serum and anti-CDA and anti-CT IgA responses in stool. Sera from immunized mice were able to neutralize C. difficile toxin A activity in an in vitro cell culture assay. CDA itself demonstrated adjuvant activity and enhanced both serum and stool anti-CT IgA responses. Our results suggest that transcutaneous immunization with CDA toxoid may be a feasible immunization strategy against C. difficile, an important cause of morbidity and mortality against which current preventative strategies are failing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.