ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2007
Flagellin diversity in Clostridium botulinum groups I and II: a new strategy for strain identification.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Opportunistic Features of Non-Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Neurotoxin Impurities: A Review of Threats to Efficacy.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2020Article
- Differentiating Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Clostridia with a Simple, Multiplex PCR Assay.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Discovery of a proteolytic flagellin family in diverse bacterial phyla that assembles enzymatically active flagella.Nature communications · 2017Article
- Recent development of mass spectrometry and proteomics applications in identification and typing of bacteria.Proteomics. Clinical applications · 2016Review
- Clostridium botulinum Group II Isolate Phylogenomic Profiling Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2015Article
- Molecular gene profiling of Clostridium botulinum group III and its detection in naturally contaminated samples originating from various European countries.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2015Article
- An atypical outbreak of food-borne botulism due to Clostridium botulinum types B and E from ham.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2015Article
- Two novel toxin variants revealed by whole-genome sequencing of 175 Clostridium botulinum type E strains.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2014Article
- Mass Spectrometric Identification and Differentiation of Botulinum Neurotoxins through Toxin Proteomics.Reviews in analytical chemistry · 2013Article
- Genetic diversity of the flagellin genes of Clostridium botulinum groups I and II.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2013Article
- Genomic and physiological variability within Group II (non-proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum.BMC genomics · 2013Article
- Purification and characterization of neurotoxin complex from a dual toxin gene containing Clostridium Botulinum Strain PS-5.The protein journal · 2013Article
- De novo subtype and strain identification of botulinum neurotoxin type B through toxin proteomics.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2012Article
- Analysis of Clostridium botulinum serotype E strains by using multilocus sequence typing, amplified fragment length polymorphism, variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, and botulinum neurotoxin gene sequencing.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2011Article
- Independent evolution of neurotoxin and flagellar genetic loci in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum.BMC genomics · 2009Article
- Genetic homogeneity of Clostridium botulinum type A1 strains with unique toxin gene clusters.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2008Article
- Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes.Genome research · 2007Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Strains of Clostridium botulinum are traditionally identified by botulinum neurotoxin type; however, identification of an additional target for typing would improve differentiation. Isolation of flagellar filaments and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that C. botulinum produced multiple flagellin proteins. Nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) analysis of in-gel tryptic digests identified peptides in all flagellin bands that matched two homologous tandem flagellin genes identified in the C. botulinum Hall A genome. Designated flaA1 and flaA2, these open reading frames encode the major structural flagellins of C. botulinum. Colony PCR and sequencing of flaA1/A2 variable regions classified 80 environmental and clinical strains into group I or group II and clustered isolates into 12 flagellar types. Flagellar type was distinct from neurotoxin type, and epidemiologically related isolates clustered together. Sequencing a larger PCR product, obtained during amplification of flaA1/A2 from type E strain Bennett identified a second flagellin gene, flaB. LC-MS analysis confirmed that flaB encoded a large type E-specific flagellin protein, and the predicted molecular mass for FlaB matched that observed by SDS-PAGE. In contrast, the molecular mass of FlaA was 2 to 12 kDa larger than the mass predicted by the flaA1/A2 sequence of a given strain, suggesting that FlaA is posttranslationally modified. While identification of FlaB, and the observation by SDS-PAGE of different masses of the FlaA proteins, showed the flagellin proteins of C. botulinum to be diverse, the presence of the flaA1/A2 gene in all strains examined facilitates single locus sequence typing of C. botulinum using the flagellin variable region.
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