ReviewImmunologic research2006
Complement-mediated activation of the adaptive immune responses: role of C3d in linking the innate and adaptive immunity.
Review in Immunologic research, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- Complete Complement Factor I (CFI) deficiency: a systematic review of forty-nine patients including three novel cases.BMC immunology · 2025Pooled it
- The landscape of genitourinary cancer vaccines: clinical advances and future opportunities.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Complement system in cancer: friend or foe of immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Taurine attenuates polystyrene microplastic-associated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptotic changes in the spleen of mice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- RecombinantFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Activation of B1 B cells by F. tularensis atypical LPS depends on classical complement and C3a.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Seasonal Temperature Differentially Modulates the Immunotranscriptomic Performance in Atlantic Salmon Skin in Response to NaturalAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Intersecting transcriptomic landscapes of hypertension and kidney function in African American women.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2025Article
- Subcellular proteomics and iPSC modeling uncover reversible mechanisms of axonal pathology in Alzheimer's disease.Nature aging · 2025Article
- Enhancing the immunogenicity of lipid-nanoparticle mRNA vaccines by adjuvanting the ionizable lipid and the mRNA.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Some Human Anti-Glycan Antibodies Lack the Ability to Activate the Complement System.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Advances and applications of RNA vaccines in tumor treatment.Molecular cancer · 2024Review
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- Article
- Profiling of microglia nodules in multiple sclerosis reveals propensity for lesion formation.Nature communications · 2024Article
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- Interleukin-17-mediated protective cytokine signaling against degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- The Diagnostic Significance of C3d Antigen in Kidney and Skin Histopathology - The Current State-Of-The-Art and Practical Examples.Physiological research · 2023Review
- A mammalian cell display platform based on scFab transposition.Antibody therapeutics · 2023Article
- Complement and complement regulatory proteins are upregulated in lungs of COVID-19 patients.Pathology, research and practice · 2023Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
C3d is the final degradation product of the third component of complement (C3). When conjugated to an antigen, C3d enhances immune responses to the fused antigen. Therefore, this molecule has been used as an adjuvant to enhance the immune responses to various foreign and self-proteins. C3d binds to the complement receptor 2 (CR2) that is located on the surface of follicular dendritic cells (FDC), B cells, and T cells in many species. C3d stimulates antigen presentation by FCD and helps to maintain immunological B cell memory. On B cells, C3d interaction with CR2 will collect molecules such as CD19, TAPA (CD81), and Lew 13. CD19 has a long intracellular tail that triggers a signaling cascade that results in cell activation and proliferation. Furthermore, simultaneous C3d-CR2 ligation and surface immunoglobulin (sIg) by antigen, activates two signaling pathways that cross-talk and synergize to activate B cells. However, C3d can enhance antibody titers in the absence of CR2 binding, indicating CR2-independent mechanism(s) of enhancement of the immune response. This review focuses on the complexity of the C3d-CR2 interaction, the importance of this interaction for the enhancement of the immune response by C3d and its derivatives, as well as the paradoxical enhancement of the immune response in the absence of CR2.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.