ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2007
Lactation and changes in maternal metabolic risk factors.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 149 citations in OpenAlex.
- Duration of Lactation and Maternal Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Metabolic effects of breastfeed in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and maternal cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes: A systematic review.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Breast-feeding and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis.Diabetologia · 2014Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of an intervention to promote breastfeeding on maternal adiposity and blood pressure at 11.5 y postpartum: results from the Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial, a cluster-randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2013Trial
- Association of reproductive factors with acute myocardial infarction in young women: A VIRGO and NHANES case-control study.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2027Article
- Addressing maternal cardiovascular risk: The impact of lactation, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and racial disparities.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2025Article
- Exclusive lactation is associated with improved lipid profile postpartum.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2025Article
- Lactation and cardiovascular health: A comprehensive review.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2025Review
- Article
- Lipid signature changes of women with gestational diabetes mellitus in response to puerperal exclusive breastfeeding.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2025Article
- The Impact of Maternal Chronic Inflammatory Conditions on Breast Milk Composition: Possible Influence on Offspring Metabolic Programming.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Early Postpartum Metabolic Heterogeneity Among Women Who Progressed to Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Article
- Lipoprotein Metabolism, Dyslipidemia, and Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Women: A Comprehensive Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Association between breastfeeding duration and diabetes mellitus in menopausal women: a machine-learning analysis using population-based retrospective study.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- Adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in Familial Hypercholesterolemia.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2023Review
- The relationship between pregnancy count and duration of breast-feeding with metabolic syndrome (Fasa Persian cohort study).BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Associations of Physical Activity and Lactation Duration With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The CARDIA Study.JACC. Advances · 2023Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the relationship between duration of lactation and changes in maternal metabolic risk factors.
methodsThis 3-year prospective study examined changes in metabolic risk factors among lactating women from preconception to postweaning and among nonlactating women from preconception to postdelivery, in comparison with nongravid women. Of 1,051 (490 black, 561 white) women who attended two consecutive study visits in years 7 (1992-1993) and 10 (1995-1996), 942 were nongravid and 109 had one interim birth. Of parous women, 48 (45%) did not lactate, and 61 (55%) lactated and weaned before year 10. The lactated and weaned women were subdivided by duration of lactation into less than 3 months and 3 months or more. Multiple linear regression models estimated mean 3-year changes in metabolic risk factors adjusted for age, race, parity, education, and behavioral covariates.
resultsBoth parous women who did not lactate and parous women who lactated and weaned gained more weight (+5.6, +4.4 kg) and waist girth (+5.3, +4.9 cm) than nongravid women over the 3-year interval; P<.001. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+6.7 mg/dL, P<.05) and fasting insulin (+2.6 microunits, P=.06) increased more for parous women who did not lactate than for nongravid and parous women who lactated and weaned. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decrements for both parous women who did not lactate and parous women who lactated and weaned were 4.0 mg/dL greater than for nongravid women (P<.001). Among parous, lactated and weaned women, lactation for 3 months or longer was associated with a smaller decrement in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-1.3 mg/dL versus -7.3 mg/dL for less than 3 months; P<.01).
conclusionLactation may attenuate unfavorable metabolic risk factor changes that occur with pregnancy, with effects apparent after weaning. As a modifiable behavior, lactation may affect women's future risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
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