ArticleBiological psychiatry2007
Increased rates of bipolar disorder diagnoses among U.S. child, adolescent, and adult inpatients, 1996-2004.
Article in Biological psychiatry, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 353 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment of Early-Onset Specified and Unspecified Bipolar Disorders: A Systematic Review and Strategies for Identifying and Managing a Thermally Dysregulated Subtype in Children.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2025Pooled it
- The morbidity of subthreshold pediatric bipolar disorder: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Bipolar disorders · 2019Pooled it
- The Status of Irritability in Psychiatry: A Conceptual and Quantitative Review.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2016Pooled it
- Developmental meta-analyses of the functional neural correlates of bipolar disorder.JAMA psychiatry · 2014Pooled it
- Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence rates, correlates, and targeted interventions.Bipolar disorders · 2013Pooled it
- A quantitative and qualitative review of neurocognitive performance in pediatric bipolar disorder.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2008Pooled it
- Prevalence and Treatment Outcomes of Persistent Negative Mood Among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Aggressive Behavior.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2016Trial
- Efficacy, long-term safety, and tolerability of ziprasidone in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- A novel group therapy for children with ADHD and severe mood dysregulation.Journal of attention disorders · 2013Trial
- The efficacy and tolerability of methylphenidate and behavior modification in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and severe mood dysregulation.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2008Trial
- Expert Rater Agreement for Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in Youth.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Characterizing Early Childhood Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.JAACAP open · 2026Article
- Speech analysis for differentiating bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder during euthymic states.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Article
- Comparing Youth With Bipolar Disorder to Non-Bipolar Youth Referred for Bipolar Disorder.JAACAP open · 2025Article
- Hospital-treated bipolar disorder in adolescence in Finland 1980-2010: Rehospitalizations, diagnostic stability, and mortality.Bipolar disorders · 2024Article
- Geospatial investigations in Colombia reveal variations in the distribution of mood and psychotic disorders.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Executive function in children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder compared to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, and in children with different irritability levels.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Is Irritability a Top Problem in Youth Mental Health Care? A Multi-informant, Multi-method Investigation.Child psychiatry and human development · 2023Article
- Diagnostic Stability in Psychiatric Patients From Hospital Admission to Discharge: A 10-Year Retrospective Study.Psychiatry investigation · 2023Article
- Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2021Article
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVolatile, aggressive behavior is the chief complaint that brings children to inpatient psychiatric care. These difficulties are increasingly conceptualized as bipolar disorder (BD). The impact of doing so on clinical diagnoses in clinical care is uncertain.
methodsWe extracted records from the annual National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) for which a psychiatric diagnosis was primary and examined trends in the rates of hospitalization for BD.
resultsPopulation-adjusted rates of hospital discharges of children with a primary diagnosis of BD increased linearly over survey years. The rate in 1996 was 1.3 per 10,000 U.S. children and climbed to 7.3 per 10,000 U.S. children in 2004. Bipolar disorder related discharges also increased fourfold among adolescents. Adults showed a more modest, though still marked, rise of 56%. Bipolar disorder related hospitalization was more prevalent among female adolescents and adults, while male children had larger risk than female children. Children's BD diagnoses tended not to specify a prevailing mood state, while depression and psychotic features were the most common codes for adults. Black individuals, especially men, had lower rates of BD diagnoses in early survey years, but more recently their rate of BD related hospitalizations has exceeded other NHDS race groups.
conclusionsHigher rates of inpatient admissions among youth associated with BD may reflect greater appreciation of the importance of affective dysregulation in this patient group or "upcoding" to putatively more severe conditions for reimbursement or administrative reasons. Further study is warranted to examine this shift's causes and implications for treatments and outcomes.
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