ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2007
Allergic sensitization and microbial load--a comparison between Finland and Russian Karelia.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- Towards Sensitization Profiling for Allergy Prevention in Russia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Helicobacter pylori infection and atopic diseases: is there a relationship? A systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2014Pooled it
- Skin exposure to soil microbiota elicits changes in cell-mediated immunity to pneumococcal vaccine.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Environmental determinants of islet autoimmunity (ENDIA): a pregnancy to early life cohort study in children at-risk of type 1 diabetes.BMC pediatrics · 2013Trial
- A short history from Karelia study to biodiversity and public health interventions.Frontiers in allergy · 2023Review
- Hygienic behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic may decrease immunoglobulin G levels: Implications for Kawasaki disease.PloS one · 2022Article
- Land Cover of Early-Life Environment Modulates the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2021Article
- Gluten-degrading bacteria: availability and applications.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2021Review
- The Hygiene Hypothesis - Learning From but Not Living in the Past.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Immunomodulatory effect of different extracts from Angiostrongylus cantonensis on airway inflammation in an allergic asthma model.Parasitology research · 2020Article
- Type 1 Diabetes: Interferons and the Aftermath of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Enteroviral Infection.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- Exposure to sewage water and the development of allergic manifestations in Finnish children.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2019Article
- Influence of prenatal and early-life exposures on food allergy and eczema in infancy: a birth cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2019Observational
- Relationship between the use of electronic devices and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2019Article
- Pathogen infection and autoimmune disease.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2019Article
- Incidence Trends of Atopic Dermatitis in Infancy and Early Childhood in a Nationwide Prescription Registry Study in Norway.JAMA network open · 2018Article
- The atopic march: Critical evidence and clinical relevance.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2018Review
- Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses in young children at increased risk of type 1 diabetes.PloS one · 2018Article
- Therapeutic potential of helminths in autoimmune diseases: helminth-derived immune-regulators and immune balance.Parasitology research · 2017Review
- Increased seroprevalence of Enterovirus 71 IgE antibodies in asthmatic compared with non-asthmatic children.Irish journal of medical science · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Epidemiological data have indicated that some infections are associated with a low risk of allergic diseases, thus supporting the idea (hygiene hypothesis) that the microbial load is an important environmental factor conferring protection against the development of allergies. We set out to test the hygiene hypothesis in a unique epidemiological setting in two socio-economically and culturally markedly different, although genetically related, populations living in geographically adjacent areas. The study cohorts included 266 schoolchildren from the Karelian Republic in Russia and 266 schoolchildren from Finland. The levels of total IgE and allergen-specific IgE for birch, cat and egg albumen were measured. Microbial antibodies were analysed against enteroviruses (coxsackievirus B4), hepatitis A virus, Helicobacter pylori and Toxoplasma gondii. Although total IgE level was higher in Russian Karelian children compared to their Finnish peers, the prevalence of allergen-specific IgE was lower among Russian Karelian children. The prevalence of microbial antibodies was, in turn, significantly more frequent in the Karelian children, reflecting the conspicuous difference in socio-economic background factors. Microbial infections were associated with lower risk of allergic sensitization in Russian Karelian children, enterovirus showing the strongest protective effect in a multivariate model. The present findings support the idea that exposure to certain infections, particularly in childhood, may protect from the development of atopy. Enterovirus infections represent a new candidate to the list of markers of such a protective environment. However, possible causal relationship needs to be confirmed in further studies.
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