ArticleInternational journal of medical sciences2007
Does flavanol intake influence mortality from nitric oxide-dependent processes? Ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and cancer in Panama.
Article in International journal of medical sciences, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Chocolate and coronary heart disease: a systematic review.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2011Pooled it
- Trial
- Separation and Detection of Catechins and Epicatechins in Shanxi Aged Vinegar Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents Combined with HPLC.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The action of phytochemicals present in cocoa in the prevention of vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis.Journal of clinical and translational research · 2022Review
- Ageing, Age-Related Cardiovascular Risk and the Beneficial Role of Natural Components Intake.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Restorative potential of (-)-epicatechin in a rat model of Gulf War illness muscle atrophy and fatigue.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Dietary Anti-Aging Polyphenols and Potential Mechanisms.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Diet Supplementation, Probiotics, and Nutraceuticals in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Scoping Review.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Review
- Examination of dietary habits among the indigenous Kuna Indians of Panama.Nutrition journal · 2019Article
- Prevalence of Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Obesity in the Indigenous Kuna Population of Panamá.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2019Article
- Review
- Dark Chocolate: Opportunity for an Alliance between Medical Science and the Food Industry?Frontiers in nutrition · 2017Article
- Cocoa, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function.Frontiers in nutrition · 2017Review
- Antioxidant and antiplatelet activity by polyphenol-rich nutrients: focus on extra virgin olive oil and cocoa.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2017Review
- Effect of Procyanidin-rich Extract from Natural Cocoa Powder on Cellular Viability, Cell Cycle Progression, and Chemoresistance in Human Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines.Pharmacognosy magazine · 2016Article
- Cocoa Flavanol Cardiovascular Effects Beyond Blood Pressure Reduction.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2016Review
- Preventive Effects of Cocoa and Cocoa Antioxidants in Colon Cancer.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Review
- Targeting Nitric Oxide with Natural Derived Compounds as a Therapeutic Strategy in Vascular Diseases.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2016Review
- Cardiovascular Benefits of Dark Chocolate?Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Substantial data suggest that flavonoid-rich food could help prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer. Cocoa is the richest source of flavonoids, but current processing reduces the content substantially. The Kuna living in the San Blas drink a flavanol-rich cocoa as their main beverage, contributing more than 900 mg/day and thus probably have the most flavonoid-rich diet of any population. We used diagnosis on death certificates to compare cause-specific death rates from year 2000 to 2004 in mainland and the San Blas islands where only Kuna live. Our hypothesis was that if the high flavanoid intake and consequent nitric oxide system activation were important the result would be a reduction in the frequency of ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and cancer--all nitric oxide sensitive processes. There were 77,375 deaths in mainland Panama and 558 deaths in the San Blas. In mainland Panama, as anticipated, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death (83.4 +/- 0.70 age adjusted deaths/100,000) and cancer was second (68.4 +/- 1.6). In contrast, the rate of CVD and cancer among island-dwelling Kuna was much lower (9.2 +/- 3.1) and (4.4 +/- 4.4) respectively. Similarly deaths due to diabetes mellitus were much more common in the mainland (24.1 +/- 0.74) than in the San Blas (6.6 +/- 1.94). This comparatively lower risk among Kuna in the San Blas from the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in much of the world, possibly reflects a very high flavanol intake and sustained nitric oxide synthesis activation. However, there are many risk factors and an observational study cannot provide definitive evidence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.