ArticleVaccine2007
Chitosan solution enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to subcutaneous vaccination.
Article in Vaccine, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 351 citations in OpenAlex.
- Age-Related Differences in Molecular Profiles for Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Chitosan-Glycerol Injectable Hydrogel for Intratumoral Delivery of Macromolecules.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Chitosan-based formulations for therapeutic applications. A recent overview.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- From saccharides to synthetics: exploring biomaterial scaffolds as cell transduction enhancers.Biomaterials science · 2025Article
- Nanomaterials-driven in situ vaccination: a novel frontier in tumor immunotherapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Advances and Challenges inVaccines · 2025Review
- Approaches to Enhance the Potency of Vaccines in Chickens.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Article
- Biodegradable Natural Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering, Controlled Release, and Soil Remediation.Polymers · 2024Review
- Applications of Chitosan in Prevention and Treatment Strategies of Infectious Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Effect of feeding chitosan and blend of essential organic acids on growth performance, haematological parameters and innate immunity in early aged male layer chicks.Tropical animal health and production · 2024Article
- Chitosan non-particulate vaccine delivery systems.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2024Review
- A receptor-binding domain-based nanoparticle vaccine elicits durable neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Semisynthetic Pneumococcal Glycoconjugate Nanovaccine.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2023Article
- Polymeric Delivery Systems as a Potential Vaccine against Visceral Leishmaniasis: Formulation Development and Immunogenicity.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Focal Cryo-Immunotherapy with Intratumoral IL-12 Prevents Recurrence of Large Murine Tumors.Cancers · 2023Article
- Material matters: exploring the interplay between natural biomaterials and host immune system.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Bio-macromolecular design roadmap towards tough bioadhesives.Chemical Society reviews · 2022Review
- Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Versatile Platform for Biomedical Applications.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Efficacy of instillation of MB49 cells and thermoreversible polymeric gel in urothelial bladder carcinoma immunization.Laboratory animal research · 2022Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The development of safe, novel adjuvants is necessary to maximize the efficacy of new and/or available vaccines. Chitosan is a non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, natural polysaccharide derived from the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects. Chitosan's biodegradability, immunological activity and high viscosity make it an excellent candidate as a depot/adjuvant for parenteral vaccination. To this end, we explored chitosan solution as an adjuvant for subcutaneous vaccination of mice with a model protein antigen. We found that chitosan enhanced antigen-specific antibody titers over five-fold and antigen-specific splenic CD4+ proliferation over six-fold. Strong increases in antibody titers together with robust delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses revealed that chitosan induced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. When compared with traditional vaccine adjuvants, chitosan was equipotent to incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and superior to aluminum hydroxide. Mechanistic studies revealed that chitosan exhibited at least two characteristics that may allow it to function as an immune adjuvant. First, the viscous chitosan solution created an antigen depot. More specifically, less than 9% of a protein antigen, when delivered in saline, remained at the injection site after 8 h. However, more than 60% of a protein antigen delivered in chitosan remained at the injection site for 7 days. Second, chitosan induced a transient 67% cellular expansion in draining lymph nodes. The expansion peaked between 14 and 21 days after chitosan injection and diminished as the polysaccharide was degraded. These mechanistic studies, taken together with the enhancement of a vaccine response, demonstrate that chitosan is a promising and safe platform for parenteral vaccine delivery.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.