ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2007
Signatures of strong population differentiation shape extended haplotypes across the human CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS costimulatory genes.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- CTLA-4 as a genetic determinant in autoimmune Addison's disease.Genes and immunity · 2015Pooled it
- Trial
- Systematic decoding of cis gene regulation defines context-dependent control of the multi-gene costimulatory receptor locus in human T cells.Nature genetics · 2024Article
- Current understanding of CTLA-4: from mechanism to autoimmune diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- A semi-supervised model to predict regulatory effects of genetic variants at single nucleotide resolution using massively parallel reporter assays.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2021Article
- Article
- Accelerator or Brake: Immune Regulators in Malaria.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
- Article
- CTLA-4 controls follicular helper T-cell differentiation by regulating the strength of CD28 engagement.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2015Article
- Vitamin D Antagonises the Suppressive Effect of Inflammatory Cytokines on CTLA-4 Expression and Regulatory Function.PloS one · 2015Article
- Treg and CTLA-4: two intertwining pathways to immune tolerance.Journal of autoimmunity · 2013Review
- Review
- Article
- Congruence as a measurement of extended haplotype structure across the genome.Journal of translational medicine · 2012Article
- Extreme evolutionary disparities seen in positive selection across seven complex diseases.PloS one · 2010Article
- Evidence for CTLA4 as a susceptibility gene for dilated cardiomyopathy.European journal of human genetics : EJHG · 2010Article
- The shared CTLA4-ICOS risk locus in celiac disease, IgA deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency.Genes and immunity · 2009Article
- Joint genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis: from epidemiology to mechanisms.Endocrine reviews · 2008Review
- CTLA4 Gene Polymorphism and its Association with Disease Occurrence, Clinical Manifestations, Serum Markers and Cytokine Levels in SLE Patients from North India.Indian journal of dermatologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The three members of the costimulatory receptor family, CD28, CTLA-4, and ICOS, have complementary effects on T cell activation, and their balance controls the overall outcome of immune and autoimmune responses. They are encoded in a short genomic interval, and overall activity may result from interplay between allelic variants at each locus. With multiethnic DNA panels that represent a wide spectrum of human populations, we demonstrate long-range linkage disequilibrium among the three genes. A large fraction of the variation found in the locus can be explained by the presence of extended haplotypes encompassing variants at CD28, CTLA4, and the ICOS promoter. There are unusual differences in the distribution of some variants and haplotypes between geographic regions. The differences may reflect demographic events and/or the adaptation to diverse environmental and microbial challenges encountered in the course of human migrations and will be important to consider when interpreting association to immune/autoimmune responsiveness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.