Trial reportBlood2007
Differential effects of IL-21 and IL-15 on perforin expression, lysosomal degranulation, and proliferation in CD8 T cells of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV).
Trial report in Blood, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interleukin-21 responses in patients with chronic hepatitis B.Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research · 2015Trial
- Galectin-9 and IL-21 mediate cross-regulation between Th17 and Treg cells during acute hepatitis C.PLoS pathogens · 2013Trial
- IL-21 Selectively Augments Cytotoxic Potential of Antigen-Activated MAIT Cells.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Hypoxia and IL-15 Cooperate to Induce Perforin Expression by CD8 T Cells and Promote Damage to the Skin in Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2025Article
- Targeted delivery of IL-21 neutralizing nanotherapeutics to lymph nodes and kidney allografts attenuates B cell alloimmunity.Kidney international · 2025Article
- Harnessing the cytotoxic granule exocytosis to augment the efficacy of T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody therapy.Haematologica · 2024Article
- Recent advances in CD8Heliyon · 2023Review
- So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research.Viruses · 2022Review
- Emerging Strategies in TCR-Engineered T Cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Lipophagy confers a key metabolic advantage that ensures protective CD8A T-cell responses against HIV-1.Autophagy · 2021Article
- An Oncolytic Virus Expressing IL15/IL15Rα Combined with Off-the-Shelf EGFR-CAR NK Cells Targets Glioblastoma.Cancer research · 2021Article
- The CD8Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2021Review
- The Half-Life-Extended IL21 can Be Combined With Multiple Checkpoint Inhibitors for Tumor Immunotherapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Safety and Immunological Evaluation of Interleukin-21 Plus Anti-α4β7 mAb Combination Therapy in Rhesus Macaques.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- IL-21 Expands HIV-1-Specific CD8Journal of immunology research · 2019Article
- CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Human antimicrobial cytotoxic T lymphocytes, defined by NK receptors and antimicrobial proteins, kill intracellular bacteria.Science immunology · 2018Article
- Differentiation and Function of Follicular CD8 T Cells During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- T-cell responses targeting HIV Nef uniquely correlate with infected cell frequencies after long-term antiretroviral therapy.PLoS pathogens · 2017Article
- The proportion of different interleukin-17-producing T-cell subsets is associated with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.Immunology · 2017Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
An urgent need exists to devise strategies to augment antiviral immune responses in patients with HIV who are virologically well controlled and immunologically stable on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The objective of this study was to compare the immunomodulatory effects of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-21 with IL-15 on CD8 T cells in patients with HIV RNA of less than 50 copies/mL and CD4 counts greater than 200 cells/mm.(3) Patient CD8 T cells displayed skewed maturation and decreased perforin expression compared with healthy controls. Culture of freshly isolated patient peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for 5 hours to 5 days with IL-21 resulted in up-regulation of perforin in CD8 T cells, including memory and effector subsets and virus-specific T cells. IL-21 did not induce T-cell activation or proliferation, nor did it augment T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced degranulation. Treatment of patient PBMCs with IL-15 resulted in induction of perforin in association with lymphocyte proliferation and augmentation of TCR-induced degranulation. Patient CD8 T cells were more responsive to cytokine effects than the cells of healthy volunteers. We conclude that CD8 T cells of patients with HIV can be modulated by IL-21 to increase perforin expression without undergoing overt cellular activation. IL-21 could potentially be useful for its perforin-enhancing properties in anti-HIV immunotherapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.