ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine2006
A bacterial carbohydrate links innate and adaptive responses through Toll-like receptor 2.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed, 274 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut-lung axis and microbiome alterations in mycobacterial infections: from pathogenesis to therapeutic potential.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Bacterial cell envelope components of gut commensals: effects in host-microbe interaction.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Early-life gut microbiome composition and rotavirus vaccine-induced IgA responses in U.S. infants: a longitudinal cohort study.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Multi-omics analysis reveals the association of cesarean delivery with altered gut microbial profiles and a Th2-biased immune response in neonates.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- When glycobiology meets inflammasome activation: Insights and implications.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Human Gut Commensal Bacteroides fragilis Suppresses Mucin Production and Alters Microbiota Composition Resulting in Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes in Mice.Immunology · 2026Article
- Striking a balance: how the gut microbiome shapes the fate of intestinal CD4+ T cells.Discovery immunology · 2026Review
- Total synthesis of zwitterionic PS A2 oligosaccharides fromScience advances · 2025Article
- Commensal bacterial glycosylation at the interface of host-bacteria interactions.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Polysaccharide Adjuvants as Innate Immune Trainers: Bridging Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) Activation and Metabolic Reprogramming for Synthetic Vaccine Design.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Total Synthesis and Anomeric Configuration Revision of Zwitterionic Polysaccharide A2's Pentasaccharide Repeating Unit fromJACS Au · 2025Article
- The Ambivalent Nature ofToxins · 2025Review
- Synthesis, Conformal Analysis, and Antibody Binding of Staphylococcus aureus Capsular Polysaccharide Type 5 Oligosaccharides.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2025Article
- Article
- New perspectives on microbiome-dependent gut-brain pathways for the treatment of depression with gastrointestinal symptoms: from bench to bedside.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Review
- Immune cells: the key mediator between the gut microbiota and osteoporosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The influence of immune regulation mediated by intestinal microbiota on postmenopausal osteoporosis and intervention strategies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Targeting CD4+ T cells through gut microbiota: therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine in inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- The right educational environment: Oral tolerance in early life.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Effect of different delivery modes on intestinal microbiota and immune function of neonates.Scientific reports · 2024Article
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Commensalism is critical to a healthy Th1/Th2 cell balance. Polysaccharide A (PSA), which is produced by the intestinal commensal Bacteroides fragilis, activates CD4+ T cells, resulting in a Th1 response correcting the Th2 cell skew of germ-free mice. We identify Toll-like receptors as crucial to the convergence of innate and adaptive responses stimulated by PSA. Optimization of the Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma in PSA-stimulated dendritic cell-CD4+ T cell co-cultures depends on both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and antigen presentation. Synergy between the innate and adaptive responses was also shown when TLR2-/- mice exhibited impaired intraabdominal abscess formation in response to B. fragilis. Commensal bacteria, using molecules like PSA, potentially modulate the Th1/Th2 cell balance and the response to infection by coordinating both the innate and adaptive pathways.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.