ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2006
Toxicant exposure in cigarette reducers versus light smokers.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Patterns of e-Cigarette Use and Smoking Cessation Outcomes: Secondary Analysis of a Large Randomised Controlled Trial to Inform Clinical Advice.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Chemical Biomarkers of Exposure and Early Damage from Potentially Carcinogenic Airborne Pollutants.Annals of cancer epidemiology · 2019Article
- Personalized periodontal treatment for the tobacco- and alcohol-using patient.Periodontology 2000 · 2018Review
- Chemical Characterization of Mainstream Smoke from SPECTRUM Variable Nicotine Research Cigarettes.Tobacco regulatory science · 2017Article
- Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure: Summary of an FDA-Sponsored Public Workshop.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2017Article
- Ethical considerations of e-cigarette use for tobacco harm reduction.Respiratory research · 2016Review
- Time to First Cigarette and Hypertension in Korean Male Smokers.Korean journal of family medicine · 2015Article
- Time to First Morning Cigarette and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Smokers in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial.PloS one · 2015Article
- Time to smoke first morning cigarette and lung cancer in a case-control study.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2014Article
- Smoking status, physical health-related quality of life, and mortality in middle-aged and older women.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Article
- Social influences on smoking in middle-aged and older women.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2012Article
- A lack of association between severity of nicotine withdrawal and individual differences in compensatory nicotine self-administration in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2011Article
- Depressive symptoms and smoking in middle-aged and older women.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2011Article
- Tobacco use by male prisoners under an indoor smoking ban.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2011Article
- Future intentions regarding quitting and reducing cigarette use in a representative sample of Canadian daily smokers: implications for public health initiatives.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2010Article
- Time to first cigarette after waking predicts cotinine levels.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2009Article
- Correlates of individual differences in compensatory nicotine self-administration in rats following a decrease in nicotine unit dose.Psychopharmacology · 2009Article
- How should we define light or intermittent smoking? Does it matter?Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2009Article
- A prospectively measured serum biomarker for a tobacco-specific carcinogen and lung cancer in smokers.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2009Article
- Cigarette smoke induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in normal and malignant human lung cells.BMC cancer · 2008Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe extent of exposure to tobacco toxicants in smokers who have reduced their cigarette intake compared with smokers who are light smokers is relatively unknown. The goal of this study is to investigate the occurrence of compensatory smoking in reducers compared with light smokers by measuring toxicant exposure.
methodsParticipants in two smoking reduction intervention studies (N = 64) were selected for comparison with a group of light smokers (N = 62) who smoked the same number of cigarettes as the reducers. A compensatory smoking score was defined (biomarker level for reducer/biomarker level for light smoker) and calculated for urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (total NNAL), metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-I-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, to measure the degree of smoking compensation in reducers when compared with the light smokers.
resultsThe mean level of creatinine-adjusted total NNAL for reducers was over twice that of light smokers even when they smoked about the same number of cigarettes per day. The difference of the mean total NNAL concentrations between light smokers and reducers was highly significant (P < 0.0001). Wide variability in total NNAL concentrations was also observed in reducers, with the extent of this variability between light smokers and reducers being significantly different (P = 0.0005). The level of individual reduction was shown to be a consistent predictor of compensatory smoking (r = 0.50; adjusted Ps = 0.002), with greater cigarette reduction associated with more compensation.
conclusionsCompensatory smoking limits the harm reduction value of decreased smoking of cigarettes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.