ArticleBMC immunology2006
Direct and indirect effects of retinoic acid on human Th2 cytokine and chemokine expression by human T lymphocytes.
Article in BMC immunology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinyl Palmitate Supplementation Modulates T-bet and Interferon Gamma Gene Expression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2016Trial
- Review
- Exploring the link between fat-soluble vitamins and aging-associated immune system status: a literature review.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Review
- Intradermally Administered Retinoic Acid or Vitamin D3-Loaded Liposomes Induce Tolerogenic Skin Dendritic Cells.Journal of immunology research · 2025Article
- Retinoic Acid (RA): A Critical Immunoregulatory Molecule in Asthma and Allergies.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Review
- Successful Treatment of Refractory Prurigo Nodularis with Alitretinoin and Methotrexate Combination Therapy.Annals of dermatology · 2023Article
- Therapeutic Potential of Combined Therapy of Vitamin A and Vitamin C in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis Rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- The role of retinoic acid in the production of immunoglobulin A.Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- Role of fibrosarcoma-induced CD11bOncogene · 2022Article
- Resveratrol, EGCG and Vitamins Modulate Activated T Lymphocytes.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Review
- Serum metabolomics in chickens infected with Cryptosporidium baileyi.Parasites & vectors · 2021Article
- Application of Metabolomics in Pediatric Asthma: Prediction, Diagnosis and Personalized Treatment.Metabolites · 2021Review
- The effects of all-trans retinoic acid on immune cells and its formulation design for vaccines.The AAPS journal · 2021Review
- The role of β-carotene and vitamin A in atherogenesis: Evidences from preclinical and clinical studies.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids · 2020Review
- Cytokine storm in aged people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive strategy.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2020Review
- Retinoic Acid Modulates Hyperactive T Cell Responses and Protects Vitamin A-Deficient Mice against Persistent Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Article
- Potentiation of IL-4 Signaling by Retinoic Acid in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Macrophages-Mechanisms and Targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Review
- PTGDR expression is upregulated through retinoic acid receptors (RAR) mechanism in allergy.PloS one · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVitamin A (VA) deficiency induces a type 1 cytokine response and exogenously provided retinoids can induce a type 2 cytokine response both in vitro and in vivo. The precise mechanism(s) involved in this phenotypic switch are inconsistent and have been poorly characterized in humans. In an effort to determine if retinoids are capable of inducing Th2 cytokine responses in human T cell cultures, we stimulated human PBMCs with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb in the presence or absence of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or 9-cis-RA.
resultsStimulation of human PBMCs and purified T cells with ATRA and 9-cis-RA increased mRNA and protein levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and decreased levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-12p70 and TNF-alpha upon activation with anti-CD3 and/or anti-CD28 mAbs. These effects were dose-dependent and evident as early as 12 hr post stimulation. Real time RT-PCR analysis revealed a dampened expression of the Th1-associated gene, T-bet, and a time-dependent increase in the mRNA for the Th2-associated genes, GATA-3, c-MAF and STAT6, upon treatment with ATRA. Besides Th1 and Th2 cytokines, a number of additional proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines including several chemokines were also differentially regulated by ATRA treatment.
conclusionThese data provide strong evidence for multiple inductive roles for retinoids in the development of human type-2 cytokine responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.