ArticleBMC evolutionary biology2006
Evolution and expansion of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE and PPE multigene families and their association with the duplication of the ESAT-6 (esx) gene cluster regions.
Article in BMC evolutionary biology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 216 papers.
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216 citing papers in PubMed, 428 citations in OpenAlex.
- Conserved immune recognition hierarchy of mycobacterial PE/PPE proteins during infection in natural hosts.PloS one · 2012Trial
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- Immunodominant Tuberculosis Antigens Recognized by Human CD4Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2026Article
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- PPE18 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis downregulates LPS-induced IgG production by inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis.Journal of biosciences · 2026Article
- Ongoing evolution of PE/PPE genes inmSystems · 2025Article
- Characterization of PPE19 as a novel mediator ofmSphere · 2025Article
- Loss of the ESX-5 secretion locus inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- PPE50 variants as novel phylogeographic signatures of host-pathogen co-evolution in tuberculosis.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Loss of theScience advances · 2025Article
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- Gene conversion and duplication contribute to genetic variation in an outbreak ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Evolution of the PE_PGRS Proteins of Mycobacteria: Are All Equal or Are Some More Equal than Others?Biology · 2025Review
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- Comparative transcriptomic signatures of virulent and attenuatedFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- The PE/PPE family proteins ofFrontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Analysis of complete genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sublineage 2.1 (Proto-Beijing) revealed the presence of three pe_pgrs3-pe_pgrs4-like genes.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- PE/PPE Proteome and ESX-5 Substrate Spectrum inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Marine sponge microbe provides insights into evolution and virulence of the tubercle bacillus.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
156 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe PE and PPE multigene families of Mycobacterium tuberculosis comprise about 10% of the coding potential of the genome. The function of the proteins encoded by these large gene families remains unknown, although they have been proposed to be involved in antigenic variation and disease pathogenesis. Interestingly, some members of the PE and PPE families are associated with the ESAT-6 (esx) gene cluster regions, which are regions of immunopathogenic importance, and encode a system dedicated to the secretion of members of the potent T-cell antigen ESAT-6 family. This study investigates the duplication characteristics of the PE and PPE gene families and their association with the ESAT-6 gene clusters, using a combination of phylogenetic analyses, DNA hybridization, and comparative genomics, in order to gain insight into their evolutionary history and distribution in the genus Mycobacterium.
resultsThe results showed that the expansion of the PE and PPE gene families is linked to the duplications of the ESAT-6 gene clusters, and that members situated in and associated with the clusters represent the most ancestral copies of the two gene families. Furthermore, the emergence of the repeat protein PGRS and MPTR subfamilies is a recent evolutionary event, occurring at defined branching points in the evolution of the genus Mycobacterium. These gene subfamilies are thus present in multiple copies only in the members of the M. tuberculosis complex and close relatives. The study provides a complete analysis of all the PE and PPE genes found in the sequenced genomes of members of the genus Mycobacterium such as M. smegmatis, M. avium paratuberculosis, M. leprae, M. ulcerans, and M. tuberculosis.
conclusionThis work provides insight into the evolutionary history for the PE and PPE gene families of the mycobacteria, linking the expansion of these families to the duplications of the ESAT-6 (esx) gene cluster regions, and showing that they are composed of subgroups with distinct evolutionary (and possibly functional) differences.
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