ArticlePLoS pathogens2006
Direct inhibition of T-cell responses by the Cryptococcus capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- The phenotype of the Cryptococcus-specific CD4+ memory T-cell response is associated with disease severity and outcome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2013Trial
- The Diagnostic Challenge in Pulmonary Cryptococcosis Among Immunocompetent Patients: The 'False-Negative' Serum Cryptococcal Antigen.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- CAR T cell therapy beyond cancer: current status, challenges and future prospects.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Temporal shifts in adaptive immunity drive HIV-associated cryptococcal IRIS: mechanisms, models, and therapeutic opportunities.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Vaccine-Mediated Protection of Mice Against African and Asian Clinical Strains ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles from bacteria and fungi: mechanistic insights and implications for urinary tract infections.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Article
- Virulence factors released by extracellular vesicles fromFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Cryptococcosis in kidney transplant recipients: Current understanding and practices.World journal of nephrology · 2023Review
- Dendritic Cells: Multifunctional Roles in Host Defenses toJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Palmitoylethanolamide shows limited efficacy in controlling cerebral cryptococcosisAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2023Article
- Proteasome inhibition as a therapeutic target for the fungal pathogenMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Non-self glycan structures as possible modulators of cancer progression: would polysaccharides from Cryptococcus spp. impact this phenomenon?Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2023Review
- Innate Pulmonary Phagocytes and Their Interactions with PathogenicJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Palmitoylethanolamide shows limited efficacy in controlling cerebral cryptococcosisbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Fungal extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation: from virulence factor to clinical application.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Antifungal activity of eumelanin-inspired indoylenepheyleneethynylene againstFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Inhibition of myeloid-derived suppressor cell arginase-1 production enhances T-cell-based immunotherapy against Cryptococcus neoformans infection.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Gene, virulence and related regulatory mechanisms inActa biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2022Review
- Influence of Pathogen Carbon Metabolism on Interactions With Host Immunity.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The major virulence factor of the pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii is the capsule. Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the major component of the capsule, is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide that is shed during cryptococcosis and can persist in patients after successful antifungal therapy. Due to the importance of T cells in the anticryptococcal response, we studied the effect of GXM on the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate a T-cell response. GXM inhibited the activation of cryptococcal mannoprotein-specific hybridoma T cells and the proliferation of OVA-specific OT-II T cells when murine bone marrow-derived DCs were used as antigen-presenting cells. Inhibition of OT-II T-cell proliferation was observed when either OVA protein or OVA323-339 peptide was used as antigen, indicating GXM did not merely prevent antigen uptake or processing. We found that DCs internalize GXM progressively over time; however, the suppressive effect did not require DCs, as GXM directly inhibited T-cell proliferation induced by anti-CD3 antibody, concanavalin A, or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate/ionomycin. Analysis of T-cell viability revealed that the reduced proliferation in the presence of GXM was not the result of increased cell death. GXM isolated from each of the four major cryptococcal serotypes inhibited the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with tetanus toxoid. Thus, we have defined a new mechanism by which GXM can impart virulence: direct inhibition of T-cell proliferation. In patients with cryptococcosis, this could impair optimal cell-mediated immune responses, thereby contributing to the persistence of cryptococcal infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.