ReviewAmerican journal of respiratory and critical care medicine2007
Lethal and edema toxins in the pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis septic shock: implications for therapy.
Review in American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Refining the safety assessment of newly expressed proteins in GMOs.Frontiers in toxicology · 2025Article
- Assessment of genetically modified maize MON 95275 (application GMFF-2022-5890).EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
- Review
- Analysis of Anthrax Immune Globulin Intravenous with Antimicrobial Treatment in Injection Drug Users, Scotland, 2009-2010.Emerging infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Review
- An overview of investigational toxin-directed therapies for the adjunctive management of Bacillus anthracis infection and sepsis.Expert opinion on investigational drugs · 2015Review
- Confirmed Bacillus anthracis infection among persons who inject drugs, Scotland, 2009-2010.Emerging infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Targeted silencing of anthrax toxin receptors protects against anthrax toxins.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2014Article
- An overview of anthrax infection including the recently identified form of disease in injection drug users.Intensive care medicine · 2012Review
- Protective antigen antibody augments hemodynamic support in anthrax lethal toxin shock in canines.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2012Article
- Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin alters regulation of visceral sympathetic nerve discharge.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2012Article
- New insights into the biological effects of anthrax toxins: linking cellular to organismal responses.Microbes and infection · 2012Review
- Anthrax infection.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2011Review
- The potential contributions of lethal and edema toxins to the pathogenesis of anthrax associated shock.Toxins · 2011Review
- Anthrax edema toxin has cAMP-mediated stimulatory effects and high-dose lethal toxin has depressant effects in an isolated perfused rat heart model.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2011Article
- Anthrax lethal and edema toxins produce different patterns of cardiovascular and renal dysfunction and synergistically decrease survival in canines.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2010Article
- Consequences and utility of the zinc-dependent metalloprotease activity of anthrax lethal toxin.Toxins · 2010Review
- Bacillus anthracis cell wall produces injurious inflammation but paradoxically decreases the lethality of anthrax lethal toxin in a rat model.Intensive care medicine · 2010Article
- Article
- Norepinephrine increases blood pressure but not survival with anthrax lethal toxin in rats.Critical care medicine · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recent research regarding the structure and function of Bacillus anthracis lethal (LeTx) and edema (ETx) toxins provides growing insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of shock with this lethal bacteria. These are both binary-type toxins composed of protective antigen necessary for their cellular uptake and either lethal or edema factors, the toxigenic moieties. The primary cellular receptors for protective antigen have been identified and constructed and key steps in the extracellular processing and internalization of the toxins clarified. Consistent with the lethal factor's primary action as an intracellular endopeptidase targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases, growing evidence indicates that shock with this toxin does not result from an excessive inflammatory response. In fact, the potent immunosuppressive effects of LeTx may actually contribute to the establishment and persistence of infection. Instead, shock with LeTx may be related to the direct injurious effects of lethal factor on endothelial cell function. Despite the importance of LeTx, very recent studies show that edema factor, a potent adenyl cyclase, has the ability to make a substantial contribution to shock caused by B. anthracis and works additively with LeTx. Furthermore, ETx may contribute to the immunosuppressive effects of LeTx. Therapies under development that target several different steps in the cellular uptake and function of these two toxins have been effective in in vitro and in vivo systems. Understanding how best to apply these agents clinically and how they interact with conventional treatments should be goals for future research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.