Trial reportArthritis research & therapy2006
Differential effects on BAFF and APRIL levels in rituximab-treated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Trial report in Arthritis research & therapy, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04369495 (BAFF Levels After Cyclophosphamide and Mycophenolate Use in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus), which is not on this map. Cited by 79 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
BAFF Levels After Cyclophosphamide and Mycophenolate Use in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of sequential therapy with subcutaneous belimumab and one cycle of rituximab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled BLISS-BELIEVE study.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2024Trial
- A Phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single- and multiple-dose escalation study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of PF-06835375, a C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 directed antibody, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis research & therapy · 2024Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Belimumab and Azathioprine for Maintenance of Remission in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Randomized Controlled Study.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- BAFF/APRIL system in pediatric OMS: relation to severity, neuroinflammation, and immunotherapy.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2013Trial
- Biologic activity and safety of belimumab, a neutralizing anti-B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) monoclonal antibody: a phase I trial in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.Arthritis research & therapy · 2008Trial
- The why, what, who and when of B cell depletion in systemic lupus erythematosus: biological rationale, patient stratification and evolving therapeutic modalities.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Disease activity and anti-topoisomerase I antibody positivity are associated with elevated serum B cell activating factor levels and a B cell subset-wide reduction of BAFF-receptor expression in SSc.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- BAFF and APRIL signaling in the B-cell lineage: implications for the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Opportunities and limitations of B cell depletion approaches in SLE.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2025Review
- Exploring the role of APRIL in autoimmunity: implications for therapeutic targeting in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Decoding sex differences in human immunity through systems immunology.Oxford open immunology · 2025Review
- A case diagnosed with IgA nephropathy during a complete remission of minimal change nephrotic syndrome treated with rituximab.CEN case reports · 2024Article
- B Cell Tolerance and Targeted Therapies in SLE.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Features of BAFF and APRIL receptors on circulating B cells in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Article
- Article
- Targeting B cells and plasma cells in autoimmune diseases: From established treatments to novel therapeutic approaches.European journal of immunology · 2023Review
- Monoclonal Antibody Therapies Beyond Complement for NMOSD and MOGAD.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2022Review
- B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: Targets of new therapies and surveillance tools.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction between levels of BAFF (B-cell activation factor of the tumour necrosis factor [TNF] family) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) and B-cell frequencies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with the B-cell-depleting agent rituximab. Ten patients with SLE were treated with rituximab in combination with cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids. They were followed longitudinally up to 6 months after B-cell repopulation. Nine patients with RA, resistant or intolerant to anti-TNF therapy, treated with rituximab plus methotrexate were investigated up to 6 months after treatment. The B-cell frequency was determined by flow cytometry, and serum levels of BAFF and APRIL were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. BAFF levels rose significantly during B-cell depletion in both patient groups, and in patients with SLE the BAFF levels declined close to pre-treatment levels upon B-cell repopulation. Patients with SLE had normal levels of APRIL at baseline, and during depletion there was a significant decrease. In contrast, patients with RA had APRIL levels 10-fold higher than normal, which did not change during depletion. At baseline, correlations between levels of B cells and APRIL, and DAS28 (disease activity score using 28 joint counts) and BAFF were observed in patients with RA. In summary, increased BAFF levels were observed during absence of circulating B cells in our SLE and RA patient cohorts. In spite of the limited number of patients, our data suggest that BAFF and APRIL are differentially regulated in different autoimmune diseases and, in addition, differently affected by rituximab treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.