SynthesisSchizophrenia bulletin2007
Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 191 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
191 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cat Ownership and Schizophrenia-Related Disorders and Psychotic-Like Experiences: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Pooled it
- Relationship between Toxoplasma gondii infection and psychiatric disorders in Iran: A systematic review with meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Immune System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: An Integrative View and Translational Perspectives.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Is there any association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Toxoplasma gondii infection and behavioral outcomes in humans: a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2018Pooled it
- Immune involvement in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis on postmortem brain studies.Translational psychiatry · 2017Pooled it
- Meta-Analysis of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM Antibodies in Acute Psychosis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2015Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and humans in Ethiopia.Parasites & vectors · 2015Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the Mexican population.Parasites & vectors · 2012Pooled it
- Relation of schizophrenia prevalence to latitude, climate, fish consumption, infant mortality, and skin color: a role for prenatal vitamin d deficiency and infections?Schizophrenia bulletin · 2009Pooled it
- Special Issue: Does latent Toxoplasma infection mimic the immune profile of schizophrenia? Sex-specific cytokine and brain-marker alterations suggest partial overlap.Folia parasitologica · 2026Article
- High prevalence of CNS-directed autoantibodies in patients with schizophrenia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A New Conditional Transcription Factor for Use in Toxoplasma Gondii.Biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Acod1/itaconate axis controls anxiety-like behaviors induced by chronic infection of Toxoplasma gondii in mice.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Wealth, health, cats and Toxoplasma gondii: An ecological correlational study of subjective well-being across 93 countries.PloS one · 2026Article
- Seroepidemiology ofJournal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- Interferon-γ +874T/A polymorphism,Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Molecular Mimicry BetweenInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Toxoplasma gondii and suicidal behaviour: discovery, cross-diagnostic confirmation and pathway exploration.Folia parasitologica · 2025Article
- Beyond Latency: ChronicBiomedicines · 2025Review
131 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent studies have linked infectious agents to schizophrenia. The largest number of studies has involved the analysis of Toxoplasma gondii; these studies were subjected to a meta-analysis. Published articles and abstracts were identified by searches of MEDLINE, Ovid, and Google Scholar; by a search of Chinese publications; through letters to researchers; and by visiting China. Published and unpublished controlled studies that used serological methods for measuring T. gondii antibodies to assess inpatients and/or outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were selected for analysis, and source documents were translated as needed. Forty-two studies carried out in 17 countries over 5 decades were identified; 23 of these (6 unpublished) met selection criteria. The combined odds ratio (OR) was 2.73 (95% confidence interval, 2.10 to 3.60; chi-square with 1 df 263; P < .000001). Seven studies that included only patients with first-episode schizophrenia (OR 2.54) did not differ significantly from 16 studies that included patients in all clinical phases (OR 2.79). The results suggest that individuals with schizophrenia have an increased prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii. This association is consistent with other epidemiological studies as well as with animal studies. Although the OR of 2.73 is modest, it exceeds that for genetic or other environmental factors identified to date and suggests that Toxoplasma is in some way associated with a large number of cases of schizophrenia. If an etiological association can be proven, it would have implications for the design of measures for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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