ArticleDevelopmental neuropsychology2006
Learning disabilities and intellectual functioning in school-aged children with prenatal cocaine exposure.
Article in Developmental neuropsychology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurotoxicity of crack cocaine exposure: evidence from a systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies.Archives of toxicology · 2024Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Stressors from the Total Environment Associated with Children's General Cognitive Ability.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Totality of the Evidence Suggests Prenatal Cannabis Exposure Does Not Lead to Cognitive Impairments: A Systematic and Critical Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Pooled it
- Contributions of a Child's Built, Natural, and Social Environments to Their General Cognitive Ability: A Systematic Scoping Review.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Before Birth, Beyond Childhood: Understanding the Influence of Prenatal Substance Exposure on Psychiatric Diagnoses.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Associations between Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Cannabis with Cognition and Behavior at Age 5 Years: The Healthy Start Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Glutamate receptors in brain development.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2021Review
- Commentary: Totality of the Evidence Suggests Prenatal Cannabis Exposure Does Not Lead to Cognitive Impairments: A Systematic and Critical Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Educational achievement at age 9.5 years of children born to mothers maintained on methadone during pregnancy.PloS one · 2019Article
- Association of Antidepressant Medication Use During Pregnancy With Intellectual Disability in Offspring.JAMA psychiatry · 2017Article
- Cocaine-Mediated Autophagy in Astrocytes Involves Sigma 1 Receptor, PI3K, mTOR, Atg5/7, Beclin-1 and Induces Type II Programed Cell Death.Molecular neurobiology · 2016Article
- Prenatal cocaine effects on brain structure in early infancy.NeuroImage · 2014Article
- The effects of prenatal cocaine, post-weaning housing and sex on conditioned place preference in adolescent rats.Psychopharmacology · 2014Article
- Article
- Neuropsychopathological comorbidities in learning disorders.BMC neurology · 2013Article
- Review
- Developmental and behavioral consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure: a review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2012Review
- Understanding the diverse needs of children whose parents abuse substances.Current drug abuse reviews · 2012Review
- Assessing latent effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on growth and risk of cardiometabolic disease in late adolescence: design and methods.International journal of pediatrics · 2012Article
- Behavioral characterization of adult male and female rhesus monkeys exposed to cocaine throughout gestation.Psychopharmacology · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Risk for developing a learning disability (LD) or impaired intellectual functioning by age 7 was assessed in full-term children with prenatal cocaine exposure drawn from a cohort of 476 children born full term and enrolled prospectively at birth. Intellectual functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (Wechsler, 1991) short form, and academic functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT; Wechsler, 1993) Screener by examiners blind to exposure status. LDs were categorized based on ability-achievement discrepancy scores, using the regression-based predicted achievement method described in the WIAT manual. The sample in this report included 409 children (212 cocaine-exposed, 197 non-cocaine-exposed) from the birth cohort with available data. Cumulative incidence proportions and relative risk values were estimated using STATA software (Statacorp, 2003). No differences were found in the estimate of relative risk for impaired intellectual functioning (IQ below 70) between children with and without prenatal cocaine exposure (estimated relative risk = .95; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.65, 1.39; p = .79). The cocaine-exposed children had 2.8 times greater risk of developing a LD by age 7 than non-cocaine-exposed children (95% CI = 1.05, 7.67; p = .038; IQ >/= 70 cutoff). Results remained stable with adjustment for multiple child and caregiver covariates, suggesting that children with prenatal cocaine exposure are at increased risk for developing a learning disability by age 7 when compared to their non-cocaine-exposed peers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.