ArticleThe EMBO journal2006
Cell entry and cAMP imaging of anthrax edema toxin.
Article in The EMBO journal, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anthrax Toxin: A Pioneer of Targeted Protein Toxins.Toxins · 2025Review
- Early Circulating Edema Factor in Inhalational Anthrax Infection: Does It Matter?Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Anthrax toxins regulate pain signaling and can deliver molecular cargoes into ANTXR2Nature neuroscience · 2022Article
- Article
- Recent progress in developing fluorescent probes for imaging cell metabolites.Biomedical materials (Bristol, England) · 2021Review
- Bioengineering ofToxins · 2021Review
- Functional and structural consequences of epithelial cell invasion by Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin.PloS one · 2020Article
- Article
- Bioengineering ofToxins · 2018Review
- Compartmentalized Cyclic AMP Production by theFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Understanding the Mechanism of Translocation of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin across Biological Membranes.Toxins · 2017Review
- Phospholipase A activity of adenylate cyclase toxin mediates translocation of its adenylate cyclase domain.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- Interrogating cyclic AMP signaling using optical approaches.Cell calcium · 2017Review
- The Molecular Basis of Toxins' Interactions with Intracellular Signaling via Discrete Portals.Toxins · 2017Review
- A Simple Luminescent Adenylate-Cyclase Functional Assay for Evaluation of Bacillus anthracis Edema Factor Activity.Toxins · 2016Article
- Micropatterned macrophage analysis reveals global cytoskeleton constraints induced by Bacillus anthracis edema toxin.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
- Anthrax: A disease of biowarfare and public health importance.World journal of clinical cases · 2015Review
- Designing inhibitors of anthrax toxin.Expert opinion on drug discovery · 2014Review
- Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin translocation across a tethered lipid bilayer.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Article
- Calpain-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement exploited for anthrax toxin endocytosis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The entry and enzymatic activity of the anthrax edema factor (EF) in different cell types was studied by monitoring EF-induced changes in intracellular cAMP with biochemical and microscopic methods. cAMP was imaged in live cells, transfected with a fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor based on the protein kinase A regulatory and catalytic subunits fused to CFP and YFP, respectively. The cAMP biosensor was located either in the cytosol or was membrane-bound owing to the addition of a tag determining its myristoylation/palmitoylation. Real-time imaging of cells expressing the cAMP biosensors provided the time course of EF catalytic activity and an indication of its subcellular localization. Bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of the vacuolar ATPase proton pump, completely prevented EF activity, even when added long after the toxin. The time course of appearance of the adenylate cyclase activity and of bafilomycin A1 action suggests that EF enters the cytosol from late endosomes. EF remains associated to these compartments and its activity shows a perinuclear localization generating intracellular cAMP concentration gradients from the cell centre to the periphery.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.