ArticleThe American journal of pathology2006
Phagocytes containing a disease-promoting Toll-like receptor/Nod ligand are present in the brain during demyelinating disease in primates.
Article in The American journal of pathology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Brain microbial populations in HIV/AIDS: α-proteobacteria predominate independent of host immune status.PloS one · 2013Trial
- Peripheral HLA-DRNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Current advances on RIPK2 and its inhibitors in pathological processes: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Review
- Evolutionary insights into Interleukin-12 family targets across 405 species.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Ripks and Neuroinflammation.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methodologies for T-Cell Trafficking Through Blood-Brain Barrier After TLR Activation.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- How Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Link the Gut to the Brain during Neuroinflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The Inflammatory Conspiracy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Crossroads of Clues and Insights through Mast Cells, Platelets, Inflammation, Gut Microbiota, Mood Disorders and Stem Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Spinal fluid IgG antibodies from patients with demyelinating diseases bind multiple sclerosis-associated bacteria.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Article
- A peptidoglycan storm caused by β-lactam antibiotic's action on host microbiota drives Candida albicans infection.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Role of Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Gut-Brain Communication.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Review
- NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory and infectious diseases.Immunological reviews · 2020Review
- Spectrum of Microbial Sequences and a Bacterial Cell Wall Antigen in Primary Demyelination Brain Specimens Obtained from Living Patients.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Leukemia inhibitory factor inhibits erythropoietin-induced myelin gene expression in oligodendrocytes.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2018Article
- Review
- Modulation of Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Model Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Food and Gut Microbiota.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Article
- Brain microbiota disruption within inflammatory demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Abundant kif21b is associated with accelerated progression in neurodegenerative diseases.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent studies claim a central role for Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in stimulating autoimmune disease by activation of antigen-presenting cells in the target organ, but it is unclear if and how TLR ligands reach target organs. Most evidence comes from rodent models, and it is uncertain whether this principle holds in primates. Here we identify which cells contain peptidoglycan (PGN) in multiple sclerosis brain and in two nonhuman primate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models with different disease courses: acute (rhesus monkey) versus chronic disease (marmoset). Because persistence of TLR ligands in the central nervous system might be consequential for disease progression, we also determined the expression of two major PGN-degrading enzymes, ie, lysozyme and N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase. Distinct phagocyte subsets, including granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, contained PGN in the brain and coexpressed the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-12. The number of phagocytes carrying PGN increased in acute and chronic EAE compared with control animals, with the highest number of PGN-containing cells in acute EAE brain. Lytic enzymes were scarcely expressed in monkey and multiple sclerosis brain, favoring PGN persistence. PGN stimulated interleukin-12p70 release by leukocytes from all three primate species. The presence of PGN in the inflamed brain may have major implications because TLR2/Nod ligation potentially promotes inflammation and disease progression.
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