ArticleNucleic acids research2006
Competitive inhibition of natural antisense Sok-RNA interactions activates Hok-mediated cell killing in Escherichia coli.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Overview of Type II and III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems with a Focus on Druggability.Toxins · 2018Pooled it
- Bistability in type I toxin-antitoxin systems may lead to stress-induced persister formation.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2025Article
- Article
- Type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: from regulation to biological functions.EcoSal Plus · 2024Review
- Bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin Systems' Cross-Interactions-Implications for Practical Use in Medicine and Biotechnology.Toxins · 2023Review
- A SARS-CoV-2 oral vaccine development strategy based on the attenuated Salmonella type III secretion system.Journal of applied microbiology · 2022Article
- Phage Genes Induce Quorum Sensing Signal Release through Membrane Vesicle Formation.Microbes and environments · 2022Article
- Activation of metabolic and stress responses during subtoxic expression of the type I toxin hok in Erwinia amylovora.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- Doxycycline induces Hok toxin killing in host E. coli.PloS one · 2020Article
- Functional characterization of the type I toxin Lpt from Lactobacillus rhamnosus by fluorescence and atomic force microscopy.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Chromosomally EncodedApplied and environmental microbiology · 2019Article
- Two New Plasmid Post-segregational Killing Mechanisms for the Implementation of Synthetic Gene Networks in Escherichia coli.iScience · 2019Article
- Host Resistance, Genomics and Population Dynamics in aViruses · 2019Article
- Modeling sRNA-Regulated Plasmid Maintenance.PloS one · 2017Article
- Natural antisense RNAs as mRNA regulatory elements in bacteria: a review on function and applications.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2016Review
- Long-Term Stable and Tightly Controlled Expression of Recombinant Proteins in Antibiotics-Free Conditions.PloS one · 2016Article
- One cannot rule them all: Are bacterial toxins-antitoxins druggable?FEMS microbiology reviews · 2015Review
- The ZorO-OrzO type I toxin-antitoxin locus: repression by the OrzO antitoxin.Nucleic acids research · 2014Article
- DNA regions responsible for maintenance of Shingobium plasmid pYAN-2.Microbes and environments · 2014Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Short regulatory RNAs are widespread in bacteria, and many function through antisense recognition of mRNA. Among the best studied antisense transcripts are RNA antitoxins that repress toxin mRNA translation. The hok/sok locus of plasmid R1 from Escherichia coli is an established model for RNA antitoxin action. Base-pairing between hok mRNA and Sok-antisense-RNA increases plasmid maintenance through post-segregational-killing of plasmid-free progeny cells. To test the model and the idea that sequestration of Sok-RNA activity could provide a novel antimicrobial strategy, we designed anti Sok peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomers that, according to the model, would act as competitive inhibitors of hok mRNA::Sok-RNA interactions. In hok/sok-carrying cells, anti Sok PNAs were more bactericidal than rifampicin. Also, anti Sok PNAs induced ghost cell morphology and an accumulation of mature hok mRNA, consistent with cell killing through synthesis of Hok protein. The results support the sense/antisense model for hok mRNA repression by Sok-RNA and demonstrate that antisense agents can be used to out-compete RNA::RNA interactions in bacteria. Finally, BLAST analyses of approximately 200 prokaryotic genomes revealed that many enteric bacteria have multiple hok/sok homologous and analogous RNA-regulated toxin-antitoxin loci. Therefore, it is possible to activate suicide in bacteria by targeting antitoxins.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.