ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2006
Coinfections acquired from ixodes ticks.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 149 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
149 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Laboratory Methods for Detection of Infectious Agents and Serological Response in Humans With Tick-Borne Infections: A Systematic Review of Evaluations Based on Clinical Patient Samples.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- Human Babesiosis in China: a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2019Pooled it
- Abundance and infection rates of Ixodes scapularis nymphs collected from residential properties in Lyme disease-endemic areas of Connecticut, Maryland, and New York.Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology · 2015Trial
- First Molecular Report of Haemaphysalis shimoga and Haemaphysalis bispinosa Infesting Captive Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor) in Malaysia, with Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Theileria Co-infection.Acta parasitologica · 2026Article
- Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Poland: clinical déjà vu or a new chapter in tick-borne diseases?IJID regions · 2026Article
- Coseropositivity to Tick-Borne Pathogens Among Patients Suspected to Have Lyme Disease.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Are there other undiagnosed tick-borne infections in children being evaluated for Lyme neuroborreliosis?BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Tick Microbiome and Its Role in Emerging Zoonotic Diseases and Transmissibility.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Ticks and tick-borne bacterial pathogens found on hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle in the Central River region of The Gambia.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2026Article
- Tick-Borne Co-Infection in Lyme Disease: Clinical Impact, Diagnostic Challenges, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Patient roadmap and economic burden of chronic tick-borne illness and post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome in Ireland, and public health issues arising.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Detection of Multiple Microorganisms in Ruminant Ticks in Senegal Using High-Throughput Microfluidic Real-Time PCR.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Review
- Molecular and serological evidence of spotted fever group rickettsiae and Borrelia co-infection in Ixodes ricinus and humans in north-eastern Poland.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The bacterial diversity and potential pathogenic risks of giant panda-infesting ticks.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Investigation of the Blood Microbiome in Horses With Fever of Unknown Origin.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Article
- A review of filarial nematodes parasitizing tick vectors: unraveling global patterns in species diversity, host associations, and interactions with tick-borne pathogens.Parasites & vectors · 2025Review
- Article
- Differential Impact of Simultaneous or Sequential Coinfections WithInternational journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- Transboundary Movement of Yezo Virus via Ticks on Migratory Birds, Japan, 2020-2021.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
89 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The pathogens that cause Lyme disease (LD), human anaplasmosis, and babesiosis can coexist in Ixodes ticks and cause human coinfections. Although the risk of human coinfection differs by geographic location, the true prevalence of coinfecting pathogens among Ixodes ticks remains largely unknown for the majority of geographic locations. The prevalence of dually infected Ixodes ticks appears highest among ticks from regions of North America and Europe where LD is endemic, with reported prevalences of < or =28%. In North America and Europe, the majority of tick-borne coinfections occur among humans with diagnosed LD. Humans coinfected with LD and babesiosis appear to have more intense, prolonged symptoms than those with LD alone. Coinfected persons can also manifest diverse, influenza-like symptoms, and abnormal laboratory test results are frequently observed. Coinfecting pathogens might alter the efficiency of transmission, cause cooperative or competitive pathogen interactions, and alter disease severity among hosts. No prospective studies to assess the immunologic effects of coinfection among humans have been conducted, but animal models demonstrate that certain coinfections can modulate the immune response. Clinicians should consider the likelihood of coinfection when pursuing laboratory testing or selecting therapy for patients with tick-borne illness.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.