ReviewWorld journal of gastroenterology2006
Heavy smoking and liver.
Review in World journal of gastroenterology, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 226 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent Advancements in Known and Emerging Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Cancer medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Dietary inflammatory index and the risks of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Smoking & risk of advanced liver fibrosis among patients with primary biliary cholangitis: A systematic review & meta-analysis.The Indian journal of medical research · 2021Pooled it
- Noni juice improves serum lipid profiles and other risk markers in cigarette smokers.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2012Trial
- Maternal active or passive smoking causes oxidative stress in cord blood.European journal of pediatrics · 2008Trial
- Prophylactic Effects of Dietary Patterns and Indexes, Nutrition and Lifestyle on Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Review
- Exercise and smoking: health rivals revealing shared protective mechanisms in Parkinson's?NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Investigating the Link Between Smoking and Fatty Liver via Ultrasound Elastography: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Study.Canadian journal of gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Article
- Cadmium exposure as a contributing factor to hepato-renal injury in apparently healthy active cigarette smokers in buea-cameroon.PloS one · 2026Article
- Ultrasonographic and elastographic findings of the liver of dogs exposed to cigarette smoke.Brazilian journal of veterinary medicine · 2026Article
- The intersection of liver cirrhosis and pulmonary fibrosis.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Albumin-corrected anion gap and risk of mortality among US adults.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Prevalence, risk factors, and demographic insights of sickle cell hepatopathy in Omani adolescents and adults: A retrospective analysis.Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association · 2025Article
- Altered polyadenylation site usage in SERPINA1 3'UTR in response to cellular stress affects A1AT protein expression.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Protective Mechanisms of EGCG in Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Liver Toxicity From Cigarette Smoke-Induced Damage.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between lifestyle factors and liver function parameters in the middle-aged and older population.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Ascertaining the association between smoking behaviors and viral hepatitis risk: A Mendelian randomization approach.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of Dietary Niacin on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Mediterranean Subjects: A Population-Based Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Beyond the Liver: A Comprehensive Review of Strategies to Prevent Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smoking causes a variety of adverse effects on organs that have no direct contact with the smoke itself such as the liver. It induces three major adverse effects on the liver: direct or indirect toxic effects, immunological effects and oncogenic effects. Smoking yields chemical substances with cytotoxic potential which increase necro-inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, smoking increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF- alpha) that would be involved in liver cell injury. It contributes to the development of secondary polycythemia and in turn to increased red cell mass and turnover which might be a contributing factor to secondary iron overload disease promoting oxidative stress of hepatocytes. Increased red cell mass and turnover are associated with increased purine catabolism which promotes excessive production of uric acid. Smoking affects both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses by blocking lymphocyte proliferation and inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. Smoking also increases serum and hepatic iron which induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation that lead to activation of stellate cells and development of fibrosis. Smoking yields chemicals with oncogenic potential that increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with viral hepatitis and are independent of viral infection as well. Tobacco smoking has been associated with suppression of p53 (tumour suppressor gene). In addition, smoking causes suppression of T-cell responses and is associated with decreased surveillance for tumour cells. Moreover, it has been reported that heavy smoking affects the sustained virological response to interferon (IFN) therapy in hepatitis C patients which can be improved by repeated phlebotomy. Smoker's syndrome is a clinico-pathological condition where patients complain of episodes of facial flushing, warmth of the palms and soles of feet, throbbing headache, fullness in the head, dizziness, lethargy, prickling sensation, pruritus and arthralgia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.