ArticleVaccine2007
Modelling the co-occurrence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with other bacterial and viral pathogens in the upper respiratory tract.
Article in Vaccine, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the microbial landscape of the nasopharynx in children: a systematic review of studies using next generation sequencing.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2023Pooled it
- A single-center, two-year, retrospective study of epidemiological characteristics of respiratory tract infections in Changzhou, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- The multipathogen profiles and co-infection characteristics obtained from comprehensive surveillance of patients with acute respiratory infections in the post-COVID-19 era in Shenzhen, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms of co-infections.EMBO reports · 2025Review
- Role of the upper airway microbiota in respiratory virus and bacterial pathobiont dynamics in the first year of life.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Respiratory pathogen spectrum and epidemiological trends in Hainan Province: a retrospective analysis from 2017 to 2023.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among Brazilian children: Interplay with viral co-infection.PloS one · 2025Article
- Metagenomic profiling of nasopharyngeal samples from adults with acute respiratory infection.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- Full-length 16S rDNA sequencing based on Oxford Nanopore Technologies revealed the association between gut-pharyngeal microbiota and tuberculosis in cynomolgus macaques.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Impact of Pneumococcal and Viral Pneumonia on the Respiratory and Intestinal Tract Microbiomes of Mice.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Non-diphtheriae Corynebacterium species are associated with decreased risk of pneumococcal colonization during infancy.The ISME journal · 2022Article
- Nasopharyngeal microbiome reveals the prevalence of opportunistic pathogens in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals and their association with host types.Microbes and infection · 2022Article
- Airway microbiome-immune crosstalk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Article
- Effects of nasopharyngeal microbiota in respiratory infections and allergies.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2021Article
- Etiological and epidemiological features of acute respiratory infections in China.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Association of nasopharyngeal viruses and pathogenic bacteria in children and their parents with and without HIV.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2021Article
- Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of respiratory microbial flora in African children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Manipulation of the Upper Respiratory Microbiota to Reduce Incidence and Severity of Upper Respiratory Viral Infections: A Literature Review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24-months of life: A prospective birth cohort study.Pediatric pulmonology · 2019Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a major burden for all children, particularly for Australian Aboriginal children. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and viruses (including rhinovirus and adenovirus) are associated with OM. We investigated nasopharyngeal microbial interactions in 435 samples collected from 79 Aboriginal and 570 samples from 88 non-Aboriginal children in Western Australia. We describe a multivariate random effects model appropriate for analysis of longitudinal data, which enables the identification of two independent levels of correlation between pairs of pathogens. At the microbe level, rhinovirus infection was positively correlated with carriage of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, and adenovirus with M. catarrhalis. Generally, there were positive associations between bacterial pathogens at both the host and microbe level. Positive viral-bacterial associations at the microbe level support previous findings indicating that viral infection can predispose an individual to bacterial carriage. Viral vaccines may assist in reducing the burden of bacterial disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.