ArticleJournal of autoimmunity2006
Incomplete penetrance of susceptibility genes for MHC-determined immunoglobulin deficiencies in monozygotic twins discordant for type 1 diabetes.
Article in Journal of autoimmunity, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Stress on Autoimmune Disorders: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Cureus · 2025Review
- Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency in children with diabetes mellitus: Data from a medical center in Ukraine.PloS one · 2022Article
- Diabetes: Concepts of β-Cell Organ Dysfunction and Failure Would Lead to Earlier Diagnoses and Prevention.Diabetes · 2021Review
- The Path to Conserved Extended Haplotypes: Megabase-Length Haplotypes at High Population Frequency.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Review
- A stochastic epigenetic Mendelian oligogenic disease model for type 1 diabetes.Journal of autoimmunity · 2019Article
- Beyond Genetics: What Causes Type 1 Diabetes.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2017Review
- Review
- Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming.Endocrine reviews · 2011Review
- Pediatric angioedema.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2008Review
- Whither autoimmunity: the lessons of anti-CCP and B cell depletion.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2008Article
- Dermal immunopathology: from genetics to effector mechanisms.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2007Article
- Epidemiology of autoimmune diseases in Denmark.Journal of autoimmunity · 2007Article
- International Consensus Document (ICON): Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practiceArticle
- The higher frequency of IgA deficiency among Swedish twins is not explained by HLA haplotypes.Genes and immunityArticle
- Cell damage and autoimmunity: a critical appraisal.Journal of autoimmunityReview
- The HLA gene complex in thyroid autoimmunity: from epidemiology to etiology.Journal of autoimmunityReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Incomplete intrinsic penetrance is the failure of some genetically susceptible individuals (e.g., monozygotic twins of those who have a trait) to exhibit that trait. For the first time, we examine penetrance of susceptibility genes for multiple MHC gene-determined traits in the same subjects. Serum levels of IgA, IgD, IgG3, but not IgG4, in 50 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for type 1 diabetes (T1D) correlated more closely in the twins than in random paired controls. The frequencies of subjects deficient in IgA (6%), IgD (33%) and IgG4 (12%), but not in IgG3, were higher in the twins than in controls. We postulate that this was because the MHC haplotypes (and possible non-MHC genes) that predispose to T1D also carry susceptibility genes for certain immunoglobulin deficiencies. Immunoglobulin deficiencies were not associated with T1D. Pairwise concordance for the deficiencies in the twins was 50% for IgA, 57% for IgD and 50% for IgG4. There were no significant associations among the specific immunoglobulin deficiencies except that all IgA-deficient subjects had IgD deficiency. Thus, intrinsic penetrance is a random process independently affecting different MHC susceptibility genes. Because multiple different external triggers would be required to explain the results, differential environmental determinants appear unlikely.
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Registered trials
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