ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2006
Recent progress in understanding hydrophobic interactions.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers.
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136 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Self-Healing and pH-Robust Hydrogels Enabled by Synergistic Supramolecular Interactions for Injectable Gastrointestinal Wound Repair.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
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- Predictable Self-Assembly as an Unexplored Key Factor Influencing Membrane Separation: Insights from Monophenols.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
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- The nucleic acid reactions on the nanomaterials surface for biomedicine.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Spontaneous Charging from Sliding Water Drops Determines the Interfacial Deposition of Charged Solutes.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Local Interactions in Aqueous Ethanol Solution Revealed by the C=O Stretching Probe.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Plasmonic Single-Molecule Affinity Detection at 10Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Emerging Gene Therapy Based on Nanocarriers: A Promising Therapeutic Alternative for Cardiovascular Diseases and a Novel Strategy in Valvular Heart Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Probing the effect of PEG-DNA interactions and buffer viscosity on tethered DNA in shear flow.PloS one · 2025Article
- Advancements in nanoscale delivery systems: optimizing intermolecular interactions for superior drug encapsulation and precision release.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Self-Assembled Nanoparticles: Overcoming Limitations of Conventional Nanomedicines for Enhanced Tumor Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Toward Bioactive Hydrogels: A Tunable Approach via Nucleic Acid-Collagen Complexation.Regenerative engineering and translational medicine · 2024Article
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Abstract
We present here a brief review of direct force measurements between hydrophobic surfaces in aqueous solutions. For almost 70 years, researchers have attempted to understand the hydrophobic effect (the low solubility of hydrophobic solutes in water) and the hydrophobic interaction or force (the unusually strong attraction of hydrophobic surfaces and groups in water). After many years of research into how hydrophobic interactions affect the thermodynamic properties of processes such as micelle formation (self-assembly) and protein folding, the results of direct force measurements between macroscopic surfaces began to appear in the 1980s. Reported ranges of the attraction between variously prepared hydrophobic surfaces in water grew from the initially reported value of 80-100 Angstrom to values as large as 3,000 Angstrom. Recent improved surface preparation techniques and the combination of surface force apparatus measurements with atomic force microscopy imaging have made it possible to explain the long-range part of this interaction (at separations >200 Angstrom) that is observed between certain surfaces. We tentatively conclude that only the short-range part of the attraction (<100 Angstrom) represents the true hydrophobic interaction, although a quantitative explanation for this interaction will require additional research. Although our force-measuring technique did not allow collection of reliable data at separations <10 Angstrom, it is clear that some stronger force must act in this regime if the measured interaction energy curve is to extrapolate to the measured adhesion energy as the surface separation approaches zero (i.e., as the surfaces come into molecular contact).
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