Trial reportProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2006
Phosphodiesterase genes are associated with susceptibility to major depression and antidepressant treatment response.
Trial report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic variation associated with depression in Latin American populations: a systematic review of single-nucleotide variants.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Meta-analyses of genetic studies on major depressive disorder.Molecular psychiatry · 2008Pooled it
- Sequence variations of ABCB1, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, CREB1, CRHR1 and NTRK2: association with major depression and antidepressant response in Mexican-Americans.Molecular psychiatry · 2009Trial
- Pharmacogenetics studies in STAR*D: strengths, limitations, and results.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2009Trial
- Novel sequence variations in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and association with major depression and antidepressant treatment response.Archives of general psychiatry · 2009Trial
- Trial
- Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of a NovelACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Epigenetic Signatures of Social Defeat Stress Varying Duration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Shared genetic architecture of posttraumatic stress disorder with cardiovascular imaging, risk, and diagnoses.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Phosphodiesterases: Evolving Concepts and Implications for Human Therapeutics.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2025Review
- Genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular conditions using Life's Essential 8, Electronic Health Records, and Heart Imaging.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Exploring the Molecular Targets for the Antidepressant and Antisuicidal Effects of Ketamine Enantiomers by Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in psychiatric disorders.Psychopharmacology · 2023Review
- Conserved age-related increases in hippocampal PDE11A4 cause unexpected proteinopathies and cognitive decline of social associative memories.Aging cell · 2022Article
- Identification of putative genetic variants in major depressive disorder patients in Pakistan.Molecular biology reports · 2022Article
- Combined effects of host genetics and diet on human gut microbiota and incident disease in a single population cohort.Nature genetics · 2022Article
- Genome-wide association study of idiopathic hypersomnia in a Japanese population.Sleep and biological rhythms · 2022Article
- A genetic basis for friendship? Homophily for membrane-associated PDE11A-cAMP-CREB signaling in CA1 of hippocampus dictates mutual social preference in male and female mice.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Article
- Role of phosphodiesterase 1 in the pathophysiology of diseases and potential therapeutic opportunities.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2021Review
- Exome sequencing revealed PDE11A as a novel candidate gene for early-onset Alzheimer's disease.Human molecular genetics · 2021Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) constitute a family of enzymes that degrade cAMP and cGMP. Intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels increase in response to extracellular stimulation by hormones, neurotransmitters, or growth factors and are down-regulated through hydrolysis catalyzed by PDEs, which are therefore candidate therapeutic targets. cAMP is a second messenger implicated in learning, memory, and mood, and cGMP modulates nervous system processes that are controlled by the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway. To investigate an association between genes encoding PDEs and susceptibility to major depressive disorder (MDD), we genotyped SNPs in 21 genes of this superfamily in 284 depressed Mexican Americans who participated in a prospective, double-blind, pharmacogenetic study of antidepressant response, and 331 matched controls. Polymorphisms in PDE9A and PDE11A were found to be associated with the diagnosis of MDD. Our data are also suggestive of the association between SNPs in other PDE genes and MDD. Remission on antidepressants was significantly associated with polymorphisms in PDE1A and PDE11A. Thus, we found significant associations with both the diagnosis of MDD and remission in response to antidepressants with SNPs in the PDE11A gene. We show here that PDE11A haplotype GAACC is significantly associated with MDD. We conclude that PDE11A has a role in the pathophysiology of MDD. This study identifies a potential CNS role for the PDE11 family. The hypothesis that drugs affecting PDE function, particularly cGMP-related PDEs, represent a treatment strategy for major depression should therefore be tested.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.