ArticleOccupational and environmental medicine2007
Heat-related and cold-related deaths in England and Wales: who is at risk?
Article in Occupational and environmental medicine, 2007. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 209 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
209 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association between extreme weather events and postoperative adverse outcomes: a systematic review.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of ambient temperature on mental and neurological conditions in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Environment international · 2024Pooled it
- Temperature-related mortality and associated vulnerabilities: evidence from Scotland using extended time-series datasets.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Pooled it
- Global Health Impacts for Economic Models of Climate Change: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2022Pooled it
- Assessing Heat-Related Mortality Risks among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Evidence.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Pooled it
- Mortality attributable to hot and cold ambient temperatures in India: a nationally representative case-crossover study.PLoS medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Concentration-response function for ozone and daily mortality: results from five urban and five rural U.K. populations.Environmental health perspectives · 2012Pooled it
- Daily average temperature and mortality among the elderly: a meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiological evidence.International journal of biometeorology · 2012Pooled it
- Projecting future heat-related mortality under climate change scenarios: a systematic review.Environmental health perspectives · 2011Pooled it
- Qualitative identification and characterisation of self-reported symptoms arising in humans during experimental exposure to cold air.International journal of circumpolar health · 2019Trial
- The Effect of an Automated Phone Warning and Health Advisory System on Adaptation to High Heat Episodes and Health Services Use in Vulnerable Groups-Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- [The oldest old and climate change: an emerging field of research].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2026Review
- Analysis of intra-annual mortality fluctuations by cause of death in Italy, 2004-19.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Spatial Heterogeneity in Heat-Related Mortality in the Valencian Region: Implications for Climate Adaptation Beyond Administrative Boundaries.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Article
- Heat-related deaths in social care in England: can the Care Quality Commission ratings system be used to identify care homes that would benefit most from heat adaptation measures?Age and ageing · 2026Article
- The mediating role of acute respiratory infections in temperature-mortality associations in the Czech Republic, 1982-2019.International journal of biometeorology · 2026Article
- Hydration, water requirements, and energy balance from spring to summer in free-living older adults: a doubly labelled water study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Vulnerability of older adults to heatwaves: the Barcelona case.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Environmental cold exposure and cardiovascular mortality: biological mechanisms, regional heterogeneity, and public health implications.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
149 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite the high burden from exposure to both hot and cold weather each year in England and Wales, there has been relatively little investigation on who is most at risk, resulting in uncertainties in informing government interventions.
objectiveTo determine the subgroups of the population that are most vulnerable to heat-related and cold-related mortality.
methodsEcological time-series study of daily mortality in all regions of England and Wales between 1993 and 2003, with postcode linkage of individual deaths to a UK database of all care and nursing homes, and 2001 UK census small-area indicators.
resultsA risk of mortality was observed for both heat and cold exposure in all regions, with the strongest heat effects in London and strongest cold effects in the Eastern region. For all regions, a mean relative risk of 1.03 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 1.03) was estimated per degree increase above the heat threshold, defined as the 95th centile of the temperature distribution in each region, and 1.06 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.06) per degree decrease below the cold threshold (set at the 5th centile). Elderly people, particularly those in nursing and care homes, were most vulnerable. The greatest risk of heat mortality was observed for respiratory and external causes, and in women, which remained after control for age. Vulnerability to either heat or cold was not modified by deprivation, except in rural populations where cold effects were slightly stronger in more deprived areas.
conclusionsInterventions to reduce vulnerability to both hot and cold weather should target all elderly people. Specific interventions should also be developed for people in nursing and care homes as heat illness is easily preventable.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.